бича

Bulgarian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈbit͡ʃə]

Etymology 1

Onomatopoeic, from Proto-Slavic *byčiti, *byčati.

Verb

би́ча • (bíča) impf (perfective би́чна) (colloquial)

(transitive) to jostle, to push
Synonyms: блъ́скам (blǎ́skam), ти́кам (tíkam)
(figurative, by extension) to pile, to shove over
би́ча дъ́рве на кла́да ― bíča dǎ́rve na kláda ― to pile over wood for а pyre
(reflexive with се) to trip, to tumble, to fall over
Synonyms: преби́вам се (prebívam se), кату́рям се (katúrjam se)

Conjugation

Conjugation of би́ча (conjugation 2.1, imperfective, transitive)

participles		present active participle	past active aorist participle	past active imperfect participle	past passive participle	verbal noun	adverbial participle
masculine	indefinite	би́чещ bíčešt	би́чил, бичи́л¹ bíčil, bičíl¹	би́чел bíčel	би́чен bíčen		би́чейки bíčejki
	definite subject form	би́чещият bíčeštijat	би́чилият, бичи́лият¹ bíčilijat, bičílijat¹	—	би́ченият bíčenijat
	definite object form	би́чещия bíčeštija	би́чилия, бичи́лия¹ bíčilija, bičílija¹	—	би́чения bíčenija
feminine	indefinite	би́чеща bíčešta	би́чила, бичи́ла¹ bíčila, bičíla¹	би́чела bíčela	би́чена bíčena
feminine	definite	би́чещата bíčeštata	би́чилата, бичи́лата¹ bíčilata, bičílata¹	—	би́чената bíčenata
neuter	indefinite	би́чещо bíčešto	би́чило, бичи́ло¹ bíčilo, bičílo¹	би́чело bíčelo	би́чено bíčeno	би́чене bíčene
neuter	definite	би́чещото bíčeštoto	би́чилото, бичи́лото¹ bíčiloto, bičíloto¹	—	би́ченото bíčenoto	би́ченето bíčeneto
plural	indefinite	би́чещи bíčešti	би́чили, бичи́ли¹ bíčili, bičíli¹	би́чели bíčeli	би́чени bíčeni	би́чения, би́ченета bíčenija, bíčeneta
plural	definite	би́чещите bíčeštite	би́чилите, бичи́лите¹ bíčilite, bičílite¹	—	би́чените bíčenite	би́ченията, би́ченетата bíčenijata, bíčenetata

person		singular			plural
person		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present		би́ча bíča	би́чиш bíčiš	би́чи bíči	би́чим bíčim	би́чите bíčite	би́чат bíčat
imperfect		би́чех bíčeh	би́чеше bíčeše	би́чеше bíčeše	би́чехме bíčehme	би́чехте bíčehte	би́чеха bíčeha
aorist		би́чих, бичи́х¹ bíčih, bičíh¹	би́чи, бичи́¹ bíči, bičí¹	би́чи, бичи́¹ bíči, bičí¹	би́чихме, бичи́хме¹ bíčihme, bičíhme¹	би́чихте, бичи́хте¹ bíčihte, bičíhte¹	би́чиха, бичи́ха¹ bíčiha, bičíha¹
future	pos.	Use ще followed by the present indicative tense
future	neg.	Use ня́ма да followed by the present indicative tense
future in the past	pos.	Use the imperfect indicative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
future in the past	neg.	Use ня́маше да followed by the present indicative tense
present perfect		Use the present indicative tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
past perfect		Use the imperfect indicative tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
future perfect		Use the future indicative tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
future perfect in the past		Use the future in the past indicative tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
renarrative		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present and imperfect		Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and би́чел m, би́чела f, би́чело n, or би́чели pl
aorist		Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
future and future in the past	pos.	Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
future and future in the past	neg.	Use ня́мало да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect		Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
future perfect and future perfect in the past		Use the future/future in the past renarrative tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
dubitative		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present and imperfect		Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and би́чел m, би́чела f, би́чело n, or би́чели pl
aorist		Use the aorist renarrative tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
future and future in the past	pos.	Use the present/imperfect dubitative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
future and future in the past	neg.	Use ня́мало било́ да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect		none
future perfect and future perfect in the past		Use the future/future in the past dubitative tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
conclusive		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present and imperfect		Use the present indicative tense of съм and би́чел m, би́чела f, би́чело n, or би́чели pl
aorist		Use the present indicative tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
future and future in the past	pos.	Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
future and future in the past	neg.	Use ня́мало е да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect		Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
future perfect and future perfect in the past		Use the future/future in the past conclusive tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
conditional		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
conditional		Use the first aorist indicative tense of бъ́да and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
imperative		-	ти	-	-	вие	-
imperative			бичи́ bičí			биче́те bičéte

¹Dialectally marked.

Derived terms

би́чкам (bíčkam) (diminutive)
наби́ча pf (nabíča), наби́чвам impf (nabíčvam)

Related terms

бик (bik, “bull”)
би́кам (bíkam), би́квам (bíkvam, “to ram, to knock over”) (dialectal)

References

бича² in Rečnik na bǎlgarskija ezik (Institut za bǎlgarski ezik)
Georgiev V. I., editor (1971), “бича², бичкам, бичва”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 51
Nayden Gerov (1895), “би́чѭ, -ишь; -чи́лъ”, in Рѣчникъ на Блъгарскꙑй язꙑкъ. Съ тлъкувание рѣчи-тꙑ на Блъгарскꙑ и на Русскꙑ. [Dictionary of the Bulgarian language] (in Bulgarian), volume 1, Plovdiv: Дружествена печꙗтница "Съгласие.", page 42

Etymology 2

Either related to Etymology 1 or denominal from бич (bič, “whip, lash”) +‎ -я (-ja) (Proto-Slavic *bičati).

Verb

би́ча • (bíča) impf (dialectal)

(transitive) to jab, to prod
(by extension) to skewer
Synonyms: поби́вам (pobívam), забу́чвам (zabúčvam), забо́ждам (zabóždam)

би́ча на кол ― bíča na kol ― to skewer on a stake

Conjugation

Conjugation of би́ча (conjugation 2.1, imperfective, transitive)

participles		present active participle	past active aorist participle	past active imperfect participle	past passive participle	verbal noun	adverbial participle
masculine	indefinite	би́чещ bíčešt	би́чил, бичи́л¹ bíčil, bičíl¹	би́чел bíčel	би́чен bíčen		би́чейки bíčejki
	definite subject form	би́чещият bíčeštijat	би́чилият, бичи́лият¹ bíčilijat, bičílijat¹	—	би́ченият bíčenijat
	definite object form	би́чещия bíčeštija	би́чилия, бичи́лия¹ bíčilija, bičílija¹	—	би́чения bíčenija
feminine	indefinite	би́чеща bíčešta	би́чила, бичи́ла¹ bíčila, bičíla¹	би́чела bíčela	би́чена bíčena
feminine	definite	би́чещата bíčeštata	би́чилата, бичи́лата¹ bíčilata, bičílata¹	—	би́чената bíčenata
neuter	indefinite	би́чещо bíčešto	би́чило, бичи́ло¹ bíčilo, bičílo¹	би́чело bíčelo	би́чено bíčeno	би́чене bíčene
neuter	definite	би́чещото bíčeštoto	би́чилото, бичи́лото¹ bíčiloto, bičíloto¹	—	би́ченото bíčenoto	би́ченето bíčeneto
plural	indefinite	би́чещи bíčešti	би́чили, бичи́ли¹ bíčili, bičíli¹	би́чели bíčeli	би́чени bíčeni	би́чения, би́ченета bíčenija, bíčeneta
plural	definite	би́чещите bíčeštite	би́чилите, бичи́лите¹ bíčilite, bičílite¹	—	би́чените bíčenite	би́ченията, би́ченетата bíčenijata, bíčenetata

person		singular			plural
person		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present		би́ча bíča	би́чиш bíčiš	би́чи bíči	би́чим bíčim	би́чите bíčite	би́чат bíčat
imperfect		би́чех bíčeh	би́чеше bíčeše	би́чеше bíčeše	би́чехме bíčehme	би́чехте bíčehte	би́чеха bíčeha
aorist		би́чих, бичи́х¹ bíčih, bičíh¹	би́чи, бичи́¹ bíči, bičí¹	би́чи, бичи́¹ bíči, bičí¹	би́чихме, бичи́хме¹ bíčihme, bičíhme¹	би́чихте, бичи́хте¹ bíčihte, bičíhte¹	би́чиха, бичи́ха¹ bíčiha, bičíha¹
future	pos.	Use ще followed by the present indicative tense
future	neg.	Use ня́ма да followed by the present indicative tense
future in the past	pos.	Use the imperfect indicative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
future in the past	neg.	Use ня́маше да followed by the present indicative tense
present perfect		Use the present indicative tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
past perfect		Use the imperfect indicative tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
future perfect		Use the future indicative tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
future perfect in the past		Use the future in the past indicative tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
renarrative		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present and imperfect		Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and би́чел m, би́чела f, би́чело n, or би́чели pl
aorist		Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
future and future in the past	pos.	Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
future and future in the past	neg.	Use ня́мало да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect		Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
future perfect and future perfect in the past		Use the future/future in the past renarrative tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
dubitative		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present and imperfect		Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and би́чел m, би́чела f, би́чело n, or би́чели pl
aorist		Use the aorist renarrative tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
future and future in the past	pos.	Use the present/imperfect dubitative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
future and future in the past	neg.	Use ня́мало било́ да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect		none
future perfect and future perfect in the past		Use the future/future in the past dubitative tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
conclusive		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present and imperfect		Use the present indicative tense of съм and би́чел m, би́чела f, би́чело n, or би́чели pl
aorist		Use the present indicative tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
future and future in the past	pos.	Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
future and future in the past	neg.	Use ня́мало е да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect		Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
future perfect and future perfect in the past		Use the future/future in the past conclusive tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
conditional		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
conditional		Use the first aorist indicative tense of бъ́да and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
imperative		-	ти	-	-	вие	-
imperative			бичи́ bičí			биче́те bičéte

¹Dialectally marked.

Related terms

би́цам (bícam, “to poke, to press”)
бичу́вам (bičúvam, “to whip, to scourge”)

References

бича³ in Rečnik na bǎlgarskija ezik (Institut za bǎlgarski ezik)
Georgiev V. I., editor (1971), “бича¹”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 51
Nayden Gerov; Тодор Панчев (1908), “би́ча, -ишъ; -и́лъ”, in Допълнение на българския рѣчникъ [Dictionary of the Bulgarian language] (in Bulgarian), volume 6, Plovdiv: Печатница "Трудъ" на Петко Бѣловѣждовъ, page 25

Etymology 3

Бичене с бичкия

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish بچمك‎ (“to cut”) (modern Turkish biçmek). Borrowed also in Macedonian бичи (biči, “to saw”).

Verb

би́ча • (bíča) impf

(dialectal, transitive) to saw (particularly: to cut with бички́я)

Conjugation

Conjugation of би́ча (conjugation 2.1, imperfective, transitive)

participles		present active participle	past active aorist participle	past active imperfect participle	past passive participle	verbal noun	adverbial participle
masculine	indefinite	би́чещ bíčešt	би́чил, бичи́л¹ bíčil, bičíl¹	би́чел bíčel	би́чен bíčen		би́чейки bíčejki
	definite subject form	би́чещият bíčeštijat	би́чилият, бичи́лият¹ bíčilijat, bičílijat¹	—	би́ченият bíčenijat
	definite object form	би́чещия bíčeštija	би́чилия, бичи́лия¹ bíčilija, bičílija¹	—	би́чения bíčenija
feminine	indefinite	би́чеща bíčešta	би́чила, бичи́ла¹ bíčila, bičíla¹	би́чела bíčela	би́чена bíčena
feminine	definite	би́чещата bíčeštata	би́чилата, бичи́лата¹ bíčilata, bičílata¹	—	би́чената bíčenata
neuter	indefinite	би́чещо bíčešto	би́чило, бичи́ло¹ bíčilo, bičílo¹	би́чело bíčelo	би́чено bíčeno	би́чене bíčene
neuter	definite	би́чещото bíčeštoto	би́чилото, бичи́лото¹ bíčiloto, bičíloto¹	—	би́ченото bíčenoto	би́ченето bíčeneto
plural	indefinite	би́чещи bíčešti	би́чили, бичи́ли¹ bíčili, bičíli¹	би́чели bíčeli	би́чени bíčeni	би́чения, би́ченета bíčenija, bíčeneta
plural	definite	би́чещите bíčeštite	би́чилите, бичи́лите¹ bíčilite, bičílite¹	—	би́чените bíčenite	би́ченията, би́ченетата bíčenijata, bíčenetata

person		singular			plural
person		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present		би́ча bíča	би́чиш bíčiš	би́чи bíči	би́чим bíčim	би́чите bíčite	би́чат bíčat
imperfect		би́чех bíčeh	би́чеше bíčeše	би́чеше bíčeše	би́чехме bíčehme	би́чехте bíčehte	би́чеха bíčeha
aorist		би́чих, бичи́х¹ bíčih, bičíh¹	би́чи, бичи́¹ bíči, bičí¹	би́чи, бичи́¹ bíči, bičí¹	би́чихме, бичи́хме¹ bíčihme, bičíhme¹	би́чихте, бичи́хте¹ bíčihte, bičíhte¹	би́чиха, бичи́ха¹ bíčiha, bičíha¹
future	pos.	Use ще followed by the present indicative tense
future	neg.	Use ня́ма да followed by the present indicative tense
future in the past	pos.	Use the imperfect indicative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
future in the past	neg.	Use ня́маше да followed by the present indicative tense
present perfect		Use the present indicative tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
past perfect		Use the imperfect indicative tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
future perfect		Use the future indicative tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
future perfect in the past		Use the future in the past indicative tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
renarrative		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present and imperfect		Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and би́чел m, би́чела f, би́чело n, or би́чели pl
aorist		Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
future and future in the past	pos.	Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
future and future in the past	neg.	Use ня́мало да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect		Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
future perfect and future perfect in the past		Use the future/future in the past renarrative tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
dubitative		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present and imperfect		Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and би́чел m, би́чела f, би́чело n, or би́чели pl
aorist		Use the aorist renarrative tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
future and future in the past	pos.	Use the present/imperfect dubitative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
future and future in the past	neg.	Use ня́мало било́ да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect		none
future perfect and future perfect in the past		Use the future/future in the past dubitative tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
conclusive		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
present and imperfect		Use the present indicative tense of съм and би́чел m, би́чела f, би́чело n, or би́чели pl
aorist		Use the present indicative tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
future and future in the past	pos.	Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
future and future in the past	neg.	Use ня́мало е да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect		Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
future perfect and future perfect in the past		Use the future/future in the past conclusive tense of съм and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
conditional		аз	ти	той/тя/то	ние	вие	те
conditional		Use the first aorist indicative tense of бъ́да and би́чил/бичи́л¹ m, би́чила/бичи́ла¹ f, би́чило/бичи́ло¹ n, or би́чили/бичи́ли¹ pl
imperative		-	ти	-	-	вие	-
imperative			бичи́ bičí			биче́те bičéte

¹Dialectally marked.

Related terms

бички́я (bičkíja, “bow saw, frame saw”)
бича́к (bičák, “pocket knife”) (dialectal, outdated)

References

бича¹ in Rečnik na bǎlgarskija ezik (Institut za bǎlgarski ezik)
бича in Rečnik na bǎlgarskija ezik (Čitanka.Info)
Nayden Gerov (1895), “би́чѭ, -ишь; -чи́лъ (тур.)”, in Рѣчникъ на Блъгарскꙑй язꙑкъ. Съ тлъкувание рѣчи-тꙑ на Блъгарскꙑ и на Русскꙑ. [Dictionary of the Bulgarian language] (in Bulgarian), volume 1, Plovdiv: Дружествена печꙗтница "Съгласие.", page 42

Russian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [bʲɪˈt͡ɕa]

Noun

бича́ • (bičá) m inan or m anim

inflection of бич (bič):
1. genitive singular
2. animate accusative singular

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