خراج

Arabic

Etymology 1

From خ ر ج‎ (ḵ-r-j) in the sense “to extract” or “take out”, with phono-semantic matching of Middle Persian apparently in an unattested by-form of by-itself Iranian-origin 𐫍𐫡𐫃‎‎ (hrg‎ /harg/), 𐫟𐫡𐫃‎‎ (xrg‎ /xarg/), 𐫆𐫡𐫵𐫃‎ (hrːg /harg/, “tribute”) surfacing as Old Armenian հարկ (hark) etc., an already Old Persian contamination *𐏃𐎼𐎠𐎣 (ha-ra-a-ka /*harāka/, “tribute, tax, any public charge based on land property”) on the model of Imperial Aramaic 𐡄𐡋𐡊𐡀‎ (hlkʾ /hălāḵā/, “tribute, tax, any public charge based on land property”), itself calqued from Akkadian 𒅋𒆪 (il-ku /ilku/, “corvée, tribute, any public charge based on land property”). Also attested several times in Biblical Aramaic הֲלָכָא‎ (/hălāḵā/) but otherwise missing in Aramaic.

Noun

خَرَاج • (ḵarāj) m (plural أَخْرَاج‎ (ʔaḵrāj) or أَخْرِجَة‎ (ʔaḵrija))

  1. public levy, subsidy; poll-tax, tribute
Declension
Descendants
  • → English: kharaj
  • → Azerbaijani: xərac
  • → French: kharaj
  • → Middle Armenian: խարաճ (xarač)
  • → Ottoman Turkish: خراج‎ (haraç)
  • → Persian: خراج‎ (xarâj)
    • → Punjabi: ਖਰਾਜ (kharāj)
    • → Urdu: خراج‎ (xarāj)
  • → Polish: charadż
  • → Russian: хара́дж (xarádž)
  • → Spanish: jarach

Etymology 2

From the root خ ر ج‎ (ḵ-r-j).

Noun

خُرَاج or خُرَّاج • (ḵurāj or ḵurrāj) m (plural خُرَاجَات‎ (ḵurājāt) or خُرَّاجَات‎ (ḵurrājāt))

  1. abscess, boil, aposteme
Declension
Alternative forms
  • خُرَاجَة‎ (ḵurāja)
Descendants
  • → Ottoman Turkish: خراج‎ (huraç, hurraç)

References

  • “hlk”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
  • Burrow, Thomas (1935), “Iranian Words in the Kharoṣṭhi Documents from Chinese Turkestan—II”, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies‎, volume 7, issue 4, page 788 of 779–790
  • Henning, Walter Bruno (1935), “Arabisch ḫarāǧ”, in Orientalia, volume 4 (Nova Series), →DOI, pages 291–293
  • Kaufman, Stephen A. (1974) The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic (The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago Assyriological Studies; 19)‎, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, page 58

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology 1

From Arabic خَرَاج‎ (ḵarāj).

Noun

خراج • (haraç)

  1. public levy, subsidy; poll tax, tribute
  2. a tax on land held by non-Muslims
Derived terms
  • خراججی‎ (haraccı, “tax collector”, noun)
  • خراجگزار‎ (haraç-güzar, “tributary”, noun)
Descendants

Etymology 2

From Arabic خُرَاج‎ (ḵurāj).

Noun

خراج • (huraç, hurraç)

  1. abscess, boil, aposteme

References

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