ᾍδης

See also: Άδης, Ἀΐδης, ᾅδης, and ἀϊδής

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

Ἀΐδης (Aḯdēs) – Homeric
Ἀΐδᾱς (Aḯdās) – Doric
Ἀϊδωνεύς (Aïdōneús)
ᾈδωνεύς (Āidōneús)

Etymology

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *n̥- (“not”) + *weyd- (“see”), meaning "that which is unseen",[1] equivalent to ἀ- (a-) +‎ εἶδον (eîdon). Compare ἀϊδής (aïdḗs, “invisible”).

Puhvel (1987) argues that it is from *sm̥weyd-, from *sm̥- (compounding stem) + *weyd- (“see”), meaning "see-together" or "uniter", equivalent to ἁ- (ha-) +‎ εἶδον (eîdon), cognate with Russian свида́ние (svidánije, “see each other”), and partly in Sanskrit संगमनं जनानां (saṃgamanaṃ janānāṃ, literally “ingatherer of people”), where *weyd- is replaced with *gʷem-.

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /háːi̯.dɛːs/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈ(h)a.de̝s/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈa.ðis/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈa.ðis/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈa.ðis/

Proper noun

ᾍδης • (Hā́idēs) m (genitive ᾍδου); first declension (Attic)

Hades, the underworld
Hades, the realm of the dead
the Grave personified as a god, Death
Hell

Usage notes

The personal name rarely takes a definite article.

Inflection

First declension of ὁ ᾍδης; τοῦ ᾍδου (Attic)

Case / #	Singular
Nominative	ὁ ᾍδης ho Hā́idēs
Genitive	τοῦ ᾍδου toû Hā́idou
Dative	τῷ ᾍδῃ tôi Hā́idēi
Accusative	τὸν ᾍδην tòn Hā́idēn
Vocative	ᾍδη Hā́idē
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

First declension of Ἀΐδης; Ἀΐδᾱο (Epic)

Case / #	Singular
Nominative	Ἀΐδης Aḯdēs
Genitive	Ἀΐδᾱο / Ἀΐδε͜ω / Ἀΐδω Aḯdāo / Aḯde͜ō / Aḯdō
Dative	Ἀΐδῃ Aḯdēi
Accusative	Ἀΐδην Aḯdēn
Vocative	Ἀΐδη Aḯdē
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Descendants

Greek: Άδης (Ádis)
→ Latin: Hādēs
→ Old Church Slavonic: адъ (adŭ) (see there for further descendants)

References

Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “Ἀΐδης, -αο [m.]”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 34

“ᾍδης”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“ᾍδης”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
ᾍδης in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
ᾍδης in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2023)
G86 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- below idem, page 73.
- death idem, page 198.
- hades idem, page 380.
- hell idem, page 395.
- infernal idem, page 437.
- lower idem, page 503.
- nether idem, page 556.
- shade idem, page 760.
- under idem, page 912.
- world idem, page 989.

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[1] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “Ἀΐδης, -αο [m.]”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 34