| scholar; Confucian | to be born; to give birth; life to be born; to give birth; life; to grow; student; raw | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (儒生) | 儒 | 生 | |
| simp. #(儒生) | 儒 | 生 | |
| Rime | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 儒 | 生 | 生 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) | 生 (21) | 生 (21) |
| Final (韻) | 虞 (24) | 庚 (109) | 庚 (109) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | II | II |
| Fanqie | 人朱切 | 所庚切 | 所敬切 |
| Reconstructions | |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/ȵɨo/ | /ʃˠæŋ/ | /ʃˠæŋH/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/ȵio/ | /ʃᵚaŋ/ | /ʃᵚaŋH/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/ȵʑio/ | /ʃaŋ/ | /ʃaŋH/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/ȵuə̆/ | /ʂaɨjŋ/ | /ʂaɨjŋH/ |
| Li Rong |
/ȵio/ | /ʃɐŋ/ | /ʃɐŋH/ |
| Wang Li |
/ȵʑĭu/ | /ʃɐŋ/ | /ʃɐŋH/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/ȵʑi̯u/ | /ʂɐŋ/ | /ʂɐŋH/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
rú | shēng | shèng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex |
jyu4 | sang1 | sang3 |
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 儒 | 生 | 生 | 生 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
rú | shēng | shēng | shēng |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ nyu › | ‹ sræng › | ‹ sræng › | ‹ srjæng › |
| Old Chinese |
/*no/ | /*sreŋ/ (MC srj- > sr-; or *s.reŋ ?) | /*sreŋ/ | /*sreŋ/ (or *s.reŋ ?) |
| English | 侏儒 zhūrú "dwarf", scholar, Confucianism (not in original list) |
bear, be born; live | fresh, raw | bear, be born; live |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | ||||
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 儒 | 生 | 生 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 13969 | 11312 | 11322 |
| Phonetic component |
需 | 生 | 生 |
| Rime group |
侯 | 耕 | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision |
0 | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
儒 | 生 | 生 |
| Old Chinese |
/*njo/ | /*sʰleːŋ/ | /*sreŋs/ |