化石

Chinese

	to make into; to change into; ‑ization to make into; to change into; ‑ization; to ... ‑ize; to transform	rock; stone; 10 pecks
trad. (化石)	化	石
simp. ^#(化石)	化	石
anagram	石化

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): huàshí

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄕˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): faa³ sek⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fa-sa̍k
Min Dong (BUC): huá-siŏh / huá-sĭk
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): hòa-chio̍h / hòa-se̍k

(Teochew, Peng'im): huê³ ziêh⁸ / huê³ zioh⁸
Wu (Wiktionary): ²ho-zaq

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: huàshí
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄕˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: huàshíh
  - Wade–Giles: hua⁴-shih²
  - Yale: hwà-shŕ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huahshyr
  - Palladius: хуаши (xuaši)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xwä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: faa³ sek⁶
  - Yale: fa sehk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: faa³ sek⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: fa³ ség⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /faː³³ sɛːk̚²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fa-sa̍k
  - Hakka Romanization System: fa sag
  - Hagfa Pinyim: fa⁴ sag⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /fa⁵⁵ sak̚⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: huá-siŏh / huá-sĭk
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hua²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ^(s-)luoʔ⁵/, /hua²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ^(s-)liʔ⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hòa-chio̍h
  - Tâi-lô: huà-tsio̍h
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hoarcioih
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡ɕioʔ²⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /hua²¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕioʔ⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hua²¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕioʔ¹²¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hua²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡ɕiɤʔ⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /hua¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕioʔ⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hòa-se̍k
  - Tâi-lô: huà-si̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hoarsek
  - IPA (Xiamen): /hua²¹⁻⁵³ ɕiɪk̚⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: huê³ ziêh⁸ / huê³ zioh⁸
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huè tsie̍h / huè tsio̍h
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sieʔ⁴/, /hue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sioʔ⁴/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: ²ho-zaq
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ho³³ z̥a̱ʔ⁴⁴/

Noun

化石

fossil

Derived terms

化石燃料 (huàshí ránliào)

活化石 (huóhuàshí)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
化	石
か Grade: 3	せき Grade: 1
on’yomi

Etymology

化 (ka, “to change into”) +‎ 石 (seki, “stone”)

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) かせき [kàsékí] (Heiban – [0])
IPA^(key): [ka̠se̞kʲi]

Noun

化(か)石(せき) • (kaseki) ^{←くわせき (kwaseki)^?}

a fossil
petrifaction
(metaphor, insult) out-of-date person, thing

Derived terms

化(か)石(せき)化(か) (kasekika): fossilize
化(か)石(せき)学(がく) (kasekigaku): paleontology
化(か)石(せき)層(そう) (kasekisō): fossil bed
化(か)石(せき)人(じん)類(るい) (kaseki jinrui): fossil men
化(か)石(せき)燃(ねん)料(りょう) (kaseki nenryō): fossil fuel
化(か)石(せき)類(るい)人(じん)猿(えん) (kaseki ruijin'en): anthropoid fossil
微(び)化(か)石(せき) (bikaseki): microfossil
糞(ふん)化(か)石(せき) (funkaseki): coprolite, guano
示(じ)準化(じゅんか)石(せき) (jijun-kaseki): index fossil, key fossil
生(せい)痕(こん)化(か)石(せき) (seikon kaseki): trace fossil
生(い)きた化(か)石(せき) (ikita kaseki): living fossil, relict

Verb

化(か)石(せき)する • (kaseki suru) suru (stem 化(か)石(せき)し (kaseki shi), past 化(か)石(せき)した (kaseki shita))

to fossilize

Conjugation

Conjugation of "化石する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	化石し	かせきし	kaseki shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	化石し	かせきし	kaseki shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	化石する	かせきする	kaseki suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	化石する	かせきする	kaseki suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	化石すれ	かせきすれ	kaseki sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	化石せよ¹ 化石しろ²	かせきせよ¹ かせきしろ²	kaseki seyo¹ kaseki shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	化石される	かせきされる	kaseki sareru
Causative	化石させる化石さす	かせきさせるかせきさす	kaseki saseru kaseki sasu
Potential	化石できる	かせきできる	kaseki dekiru
Volitional	化石しよう	かせきしよう	kaseki shiyō
Negative	化石しない	かせきしない	kaseki shinai
Negative continuative	化石せず	かせきせず	kaseki sezu
Formal	化石します	かせきします	kaseki shimasu
Perfective	化石した	かせきした	kaseki shita
Conjunctive	化石して	かせきして	kaseki shite
Hypothetical conditional	化石すれば	かせきすれば	kaseki sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Korean

Hanja in this term
化	石

Noun

化石 • (hwaseok) (hangeul 화석)

Hanja form^? of 화석 (“fossil”).

Vietnamese

Hán tự in this term
化	石

Noun

化石

chữ Hán form of hoá thạch (“fossil”).

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