孤立

Chinese
lone; lonely set up; to stand
trad. (孤立) 孤 立
simp. #(孤立) 孤 立

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 孤 立
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 模 (23) 侵 (141)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) I III
Fanqie 古胡切 力入切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kuo/ /liɪp̚/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kuo/ /lip̚/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ko/ /ljep̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kɔ/ /lip̚/
Li
Rong		 /ko/ /liəp̚/
Wang
Li		 /ku/ /lĭĕp̚/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /kuo/ /li̯əp̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 gū lì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 gu1 lap6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 孤 立
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 gū lì
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ ku › ‹ lip ›
Old
Chinese		 /*kʷˁa/ /*k.rəp/
English orphan stand (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 孤 立
Reading # 1/1 1/1
No. 4347 7869
Phonetic
component		 瓜 立
Rime
group		 魚 緝
Rime
subdivision		 0 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 孤 立
Old
Chinese		 /*kʷaː/ /*rɯb/

Adjective

孤立

  1. isolated
  2. unrelated; irrelevant

Synonyms

Verb

孤立

  1. (transitive, intransitive) to isolate
    社交孤立  ―  shèjiāo gūlì  ―  to be socially isolated; social isolation

Derived terms

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (孤立):
  • → Japanese: 孤(こ)立(りつ) (koritsu)
  • → Korean: 고립(孤立) (gorip)
  • → Vietnamese: cô lập (孤立)

Japanese
Kanji in this term
孤 立
こ
Grade: S		 りつ
Grade: 1
on’yomi

Pronunciation

Noun

孤(こ)立(りつ) • (koritsu) 

  1. isolation

Derived terms
Derived terms

Verb

孤(こ)立(りつ)する • (koritsu suru) intransitive suru (stem 孤(こ)立(りつ)し (koritsu shi), past 孤(こ)立(りつ)した (koritsu shita))

  1. stand alone, be in isolation
    人(ひと)を仲間(なかま)から孤立(こりつ)させる
    hito o nakama kara koritsu saseru
    isolate a person from his friends

Conjugation
Conjugation of "孤立する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 孤立し こりつし koritsu shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 孤立し こりつし koritsu shi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 孤立する こりつする koritsu suru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 孤立する こりつする koritsu suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 孤立すれ こりつすれ koritsu sure
Meireikei ("imperative") 孤立せよ¹
孤立しろ²		 こりつせよ¹
こりつしろ²		 koritsu seyo¹
koritsu shiro²
Key constructions
Passive 孤立される こりつされる koritsu sareru
Causative 孤立させる
孤立さす		 こりつさせる
こりつさす		 koritsu saseru
koritsu sasu
Potential 孤立できる こりつできる koritsu dekiru
Volitional 孤立しよう こりつしよう koritsu shiyō
Negative 孤立しない こりつしない koritsu shinai
Negative continuative 孤立せず こりつせず koritsu sezu
Formal 孤立します こりつします koritsu shimasu
Perfective 孤立した こりつした koritsu shita
Conjunctive 孤立して こりつして koritsu shite
Hypothetical conditional 孤立すれば こりつすれば koritsu sureba
¹ Written imperative

² Spoken imperative

References
  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  • 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
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