ꜥḏ

Egyptian

Pronunciation

Verb
aD
aD		 Y1

 2-lit.

  1. (intransitive) to be(come) intact or whole
    • c. 2000–1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115), lines 7–8:
      izw&&t A1Z2ssT
      n
      Z2      		 iiit
      D54      		 aD
      d      		 t
      Y1      		 D35
      n      		 n
      h      		 wnDs
      n      		 mSaA1Z2ssn
      Z2
      jzwt.n jj.t(j) ꜥd.t(j) nn nhw n mšꜥ.n
      Our crew has returned intact, without loss to our expedition.

Inflection
Conjugation of ꜥḏ (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: ꜥḏ, geminated stem: ꜥḏḏ
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
ꜥḏ
 ꜥḏw, ꜥḏ
 ꜥḏt
 ꜥḏ, j.ꜥḏ
 ꜥḏ, j.ꜥḏ
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
ꜥḏ
 ḥr ꜥḏ
 m ꜥḏ
 r ꜥḏ
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active contingent
aspect / mood active
perfect ꜥḏ.n
 consecutive ꜥḏ.jn
terminative ꜥḏt
perfective3 ꜥḏ
 obligative1 ꜥḏ.ḫr
imperfective ꜥḏ, j.ꜥḏ1
prospective3 ꜥḏ
 potentialis1 ꜥḏ.kꜣ
subjunctive ꜥḏ, j.ꜥḏ1
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active active passive
perfect ꜥḏ.n
 — —
perfective ꜥḏ
 ꜥḏ
 ꜥḏḏ, ꜥḏḏj6, ꜥḏ2, ꜥḏw2 5, ꜥḏy2 5
imperfective j.ꜥḏ1, ꜥḏ, ꜥḏy, ꜥḏw5
 j.ꜥḏ1, j.ꜥḏw1 5, ꜥḏ, ꜥḏj6, ꜥḏy6
 ꜥḏ, ꜥḏw5
prospective ꜥḏ, ꜥḏtj7
 ꜥḏtj4, ꜥḏt4
  1. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
  2. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
  3. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
  4. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
  5. Only in the masculine singular.
  6. Only in the masculine.
  7. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥḏ  
aD
d		 Y1
ꜥd

Derived terms

Verb
a&D V27

 2-lit.

  1. (transitive) to reel in
  2. (transitive) to learn about

Inflection
Conjugation of ꜥḏ (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: ꜥḏ, geminated stem: ꜥḏḏ
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
ꜥḏ
 ꜥḏw, ꜥḏ
 ꜥḏt
 ꜥḏ, j.ꜥḏ
 ꜥḏ, j.ꜥḏ
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
ꜥḏ
 ḥr ꜥḏ
 m ꜥḏ
 r ꜥḏ
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active passive contingent
aspect / mood active passive
perfect ꜥḏ.n
 ꜥḏw, ꜥḏ
 consecutive ꜥḏ.jn
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative ꜥḏt
perfective3 ꜥḏ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 obligative1 ꜥḏ.ḫr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective ꜥḏ, j.ꜥḏ1
 active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3 ꜥḏ
 ꜥḏḏ
 potentialis1 ꜥḏ.kꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive ꜥḏ, j.ꜥḏ1
 active + .tj1, .tw2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active passive active passive
perfect ꜥḏ.n
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 — —
perfective ꜥḏ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 ꜥḏ
 ꜥḏḏ, ꜥḏḏj6, ꜥḏ2, ꜥḏw2 5, ꜥḏy2 5
imperfective j.ꜥḏ1, ꜥḏ, ꜥḏy, ꜥḏw5
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 j.ꜥḏ1, j.ꜥḏw1 5, ꜥḏ, ꜥḏj6, ꜥḏy6
 ꜥḏ, ꜥḏw5
prospective ꜥḏ, ꜥḏtj7
 — ꜥḏtj4, ꜥḏt4
  1. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
  2. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
  3. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
  4. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
  5. Only in the masculine singular.
  6. Only in the masculine.
  7. Only in the feminine.

References
  • James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, 273 page 217, 273.
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