-idio
Latin
Etymology
'Vulgar' or popular counterpart to -izō, an ending borrowed from Ancient Greek -ίζω (-ízō). Found in this form in inscriptions from the second century CE onward. At first limited to borrowings from Greek such as baptidiāre (compare the 'proper' form baptizāre), but became a productive suffix in Late Latin, with extensive survival in Romance. The spelling ⟨di⟩ represents an affricate in the general alveolar region.[1]
Suffix
-idiō (present infinitive -idiāre, perfect active -idiāvī, supine -idiātum); first conjugation
- (Vulgar Latin, Late Latin) used to form verbs from nouns and adjectives
Conjugation
| Conjugation of -idiō (first conjugation) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | -idiō | -idiās | -idiat | -idiāmus | -idiātis | -idiant |
| imperfect | -idiābam | -idiābās | -idiābat | -idiābāmus | -idiābātis | -idiābant | |
| future | -idiābō | -idiābis | -idiābit | -idiābimus | -idiābitis | -idiābunt | |
| perfect | -idiāvī | -idiāvistī | -idiāvit | -idiāvimus | -idiāvistis | -idiāvērunt, -idiāvēre | |
| pluperfect | -idiāveram | -idiāverās | -idiāverat | -idiāverāmus | -idiāverātis | -idiāverant | |
| future perfect | -idiāverō | -idiāveris | -idiāverit | -idiāverimus | -idiāveritis | -idiāverint | |
| sigmatic future1 | -idiāssō | -idiāssis | -idiāssit | -idiāssimus | -idiāssitis | -idiāssint | |
| passive | present | -idior | -idiāris, -idiāre |
-idiātur | -idiāmur | -idiāminī | -idiantur |
| imperfect | -idiābar | -idiābāris, -idiābāre |
-idiābātur | -idiābāmur | -idiābāminī | -idiābantur | |
| future | -idiābor | -idiāberis, -idiābere |
-idiābitur | -idiābimur | -idiābiminī | -idiābuntur | |
| perfect | -idiātus + present active indicative of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | -idiātus + imperfect active indicative of sum | ||||||
| future perfect | -idiātus + future active indicative of sum | ||||||
| sigmatic future1 | -idiāssor | -idiāsseris | -idiāssitur | — | — | — | |
| subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | -idiem | -idiēs | -idiet | -idiēmus | -idiētis | -idient |
| imperfect | -idiārem | -idiārēs | -idiāret | -idiārēmus | -idiārētis | -idiārent | |
| perfect | -idiāverim | -idiāverīs | -idiāverit | -idiāverīmus | -idiāverītis | -idiāverint | |
| pluperfect | -idiāvissem | -idiāvissēs | -idiāvisset | -idiāvissēmus | -idiāvissētis | -idiāvissent | |
| sigmatic aorist1 | -idiāssim | -idiāssīs | -idiāssīt | -idiāssīmus | -idiāssītis | -idiāssint | |
| passive | present | -idier | -idiēris, -idiēre |
-idiētur | -idiēmur | -idiēminī | -idientur |
| imperfect | -idiārer | -idiārēris, -idiārēre |
-idiārētur | -idiārēmur | -idiārēminī | -idiārentur | |
| perfect | -idiātus + present active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | -idiātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| imperative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | — | -idiā | — | — | -idiāte | — |
| future | — | -idiātō | -idiātō | — | -idiātōte | -idiantō | |
| passive | present | — | -idiāre | — | — | -idiāminī | — |
| future | — | -idiātor | -idiātor | — | — | -idiantor | |
| non-finite forms | active | passive | |||||
| present | perfect | future | present | perfect | future | ||
| infinitives | -idiāre | -idiāvisse | -idiātūrum esse | -idiārī, -idiārier2 |
-idiātum esse | -idiātum īrī | |
| participles | -idiāns | — | -idiātūrus | — | -idiātus | -idiandus | |
| verbal nouns | gerund | supine | |||||
| genitive | dative | accusative | ablative | accusative | ablative | ||
| -idiandī | -idiandō | -idiandum | -idiandō | -idiātum | -idiātū | ||
1At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.
2The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.
Derived terms
Descendants
- Balkan Romance:
- Italo-Romance:
- Italian: -eggiare
- Sicilian: -ijari
- Gallo-Romance:
- Occitano-Romance:
- Ibero-Romance:
References
- Meul, Claire. 2013. The fate of the -ID(I)- morpheme in the Central Dolomitic Ladin varieties of northern Italy: Variable conditioning of a morphological mechanism. In Cruschina, Silvio & Maiden, Martin & Smith, John Charles (eds.), The boundaries of pure morphology: Diachronic and synchronic perspectives, 68–95. Oxford University Press.