< Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic

Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/esti

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.

Verb

*esti

  1. to be

Inflection
Athematic present, suffixless preterite
Active voice
Present Imperfect Future Preterite
1st singular *esmi *esēmam  ?  ?
2nd singular *esi *esētās  ?  ?
3rd singular *esti *esēto  ?  ?
1st plural *esmosi *esēmo  ?  ?
2nd plural *estesi *esēstē  ?  ?
3rd plural *senti *esēnto  ?  ?
Pres. subjunctive Past subjunctive Imperative
1st singular *esū  ? —
2nd singular *esesi  ? *es
3rd singular *eseti  ? *estou
1st plural *esomosi  ? *smos
2nd plural *esetesi  ? *ste
3rd plural *esonti  ? *sentou

Descendants
  • Gaulish: immi[1]
  • Old Irish: is
    • Irish: is
    • Scottish Gaelic: is
  • Old Welsh: hint[2] (3 pl.)

References
  1. Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 118
  2. Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 53
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