Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/gaisos

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *gaizaz (given the diphthong *ai instead of the expected *oi), which itself is derived from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰoysós (“throwing spear”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰey- (“to throw, impel”). Related to Sanskrit हेषस् (heṣas, “missile”), Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀‎ (zaēna, “weapon”), Ancient Greek χαῖος (khaîos, “shepherd's staff”).

Noun

*gaisos m[1]

spear

Declension

Masculine o-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gaisos	*gaisou	*gaisoi
vocative	*gaise	*gaisou	*gaisūs
accusative	*gaisom	*gaisou	*gaisoms
genitive	*gaisī	*gaisous	*gaisom
dative	*gaisūi	*gaisobom	*gaisobos
locative	*gaisei	*?	*?
instrumental	*gaisū	*gaisobim	*gaisūis

Descendants

Proto-Brythonic:
- Old Breton: guugoiou
  - Middle Breton: goa
- Welsh: gwayw
- Old Cornish: hoch-wuyu
Gaulish: *gaiso-
- → Latin: gaesum
  - → Ancient Greek: γαῖσος (gaîsos), γαῖσον (gaîson)
    - → Old Armenian: գայիսոն (gayison)
  - → Basque: gezi
⇒ Gaulish: *Ariogaisos
- Gallo-Latin: Ariogaisus
Old Irish: gae
- Irish: ga

References

Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 154

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[1] Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 154