< Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic
Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/garyeti
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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *ǵeh₂r- (“to call, cry”).
Inflection
The conjugation has been subject to much remodelling in Celtic. *ǵeh₂r- should have produced a subjunctive stem gāra- with a long ā, and **ǵi-ǵeh₂r- should have produced a future stem *gigarā-, but these are not seen in Old Irish, from which the following by-forms are apparent:
| Thematic present, t-preterite | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *garyū | *garyemam | *gixrāsū | *garam |
| 2nd singular | *garyesi | *garyetās | *gixrāsesi | *gars |
| 3rd singular | *garyeti | *garyeto | *gixrāseti | *gart |
| 1st plural | *garyomosi | *garyemo | *gixrāsomosi | *garme |
| 2nd plural | *garyetesi | *garyestē | *gixrāsetesi | *garte |
| 3rd plural | *garyonti | *garyento | *gixrāsonti | *garant |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | *garasū | ? | — | |
| 2nd singular | *garasesi | ? | *garye | |
| 3rd singular | *garaseti | ? | *garyetou | |
| 1st plural | *garasomosi | ? | *garyomos | |
| 2nd plural | *garasetesi | ? | *garyete | |
| 3rd plural | *garasonti | ? | *garyontou | |
| Passive voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *garyūr | — | *gixrāsūr | — |
| 2nd singular | *garyetar | — | *gixrāsetar | — |
| 3rd singular | *garyetor | ? | *gixrāsetor | — |
| 1st plural | *garyommor | — | *gixrāsommor | — |
| 2nd plural | *garyedwe | — | *gixrāsedwe | — |
| 3rd plural | *garyontor | ? | *gixrāsontor | — |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | *garasūr | — | — | |
| 2nd singular | *garasetar | — | — | |
| 3rd singular | *garasetor | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *garasommor | — | — | |
| 2nd plural | *garasedwe | — | — | |
| 3rd plural | *garasontor | — | — | |
| Declension of the past participle | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *gartos | *gartou | *gartoi |
| vocative | *garte | *gartou | *gartūs |
| accusative | *gartom | *gartou | *gartoms |
| genitive | *gartī | *gartous | *gartom |
| dative | *gartūi | *gartobom | *gartobos |
| instrumental | *gartū | *gartobim | *gartobis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *gartā | *gartai | *gartās |
| vocative | *gartā | *gartai | *gartās |
| accusative | *gartam | *gartai | *gartams |
| genitive | *gartās | *gartous | *gartom |
| dative | *gartai | *gartābom | *gartābos |
| instrumental | *? | *gartābim | *gartābis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *gartom | *gartou | *gartā |
| vocative | *gartom | *gartou | *gartā |
| accusative | *gartom | *gartou | *gartā |
| genitive | *gartī | *gartous | *gartom |
| dative | *gartūi | *gartobom | *gartobos |
| instrumental | *gartū | *gartobim | *gartobis |
Descendants
References
- Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*gar-yo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 153
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