< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swartijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *swerd- (“dirty, dark, black”), cognate with Latin sordeō. Equivalent to *swartaz +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈswɑr.ti.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*swartijaną [1]

  1. to become black, blacken

Inflection
Conjugation of *swartijaną (weak class 3 j-present)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *swartijō*swartijaų———
2nd singular *swartaisi*swartijais*swartai——
3rd singular *swartaiþi*swartijai*swartijaþau——
1st dual *swartijōs*swartijaiw———
2nd dual *swartijaþiz*swartijaiþiz*swartijaþiz——
1st plural *swartijamaz*swartijaim———
2nd plural *swartaiþ*swartijaiþ*swartaiþ——
3rd plural *swartijanþi*swartijain*swartijanþau——
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *swartdǭ*swartdēdį̄
2nd singular *swartdēz*swartdēdīz
3rd singular *swartdē*swartdēdī
1st dual *swartdēdū*swartdēdīw
2nd dual *swartdēdudiz*swartdēdīdiz
1st plural *swartdēdum*swartdēdīm
2nd plural *swartdēdud*swartdēdīd
3rd plural *swartdēdun*swartdēdīn
present past
participles *swartijandz*swartdaz

Descendants
  • West Germanic: *swartēn
    • Old High German: swarzēn
      • Middle High German: swarzen
      • ⇒ Old High German: irswarzēn

References
  1. Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*swartēnan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 392
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