< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁én

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Adverb

*h₁én[1][2]

  1. in

Derived terms
  • *h₁en-d(ʰ)r-óm[3]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Slavic: *ędro (see there for further descendants)
  • *h₁én-s
  • *h₁en-tér (“between”)
  • *h₁én-ter-o-s (“inner, located inside”)
  • *h₁en-tó-s (“(from) inside”)[4]
    • Proto-Hellenic: *entós
    • Proto-Italic: *entos
      • Latin: intus (see there for further descendants)
      • Venetic: 𐌄𐌍𐌕𐌏𐌋 (entol, “inside”) (< *entos + l-)
  • *h₁en-tr-o-m[5]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *intró (“liver”)
      • Old Prussian: instran (“fat”)
      • Proto-Slavic: *ę̄trò (“liver”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hántram
      • Proto-Iranian: *Hantara-
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hántram
  • *h₁éni-h₃kʷ-o-, *h₁en-h₃ekʷ-o- (< *h₁eni + *h₃ekʷ- (“eye”))[4][6]
    • Proto-Celtic: *enekʷos
    • Proto-Hellenic: *enōkʷā́
      • Ancient Greek: ἐνωπή (enōpḗ)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HániHkas
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HániHkas
      • Proto-Iranian: *HániHkah
        • Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬌𐬐𐬀‎ (ainika)
        • Northern Kurdish: enî
  • *h₁ón-tr-om
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *antra
      • Proto-Slavic: *ǭtrò (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Slavic: *ǫtrь
        • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *vъnǫtrь (“inside, within”) (*vъn- (“in”) + *ǫtrь)[7] (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hā́ntram
  • *h₁ner-ó-s (“inner, under”)[8] (< loc.sg. *h₁nér(i))
    • Proto-Germanic: *nurþraz
    • Ancient Greek: νειρός (neirós), νέρτερος (nérteros), ἐνέρτερος (enérteros), ἔνερθεν (énerthen)/νέρθεν (nérthen), ἔνεροι (éneroi)
  • *h₁n̥-dó (“inside”)
  • *h₁n̥-dʰér(i) (“under, below”)
  • *h₁n̥-dʰí (“under, below”)
  • *h₁ní (“down”)
    • Old Armenian: նի- (ni-)
    • Proto-Celtic: *ni-
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ní (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Slavic: *nizъ (see there for further descendants)
  • *h₁ni-tero-
    • Proto-Germanic: *niþer (see there for further descendants)
    • Sanskrit: नितराम् (nitarā́m, “downwards”)
Unsorted formations

Descendants
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: ի (i) / յ- (y-)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *in (from zero-grade form *h₁n̥)[10]
    • Old Prussian: ēn
    • Latvian: iekša (< *en-styā-s)
    • Lithuanian: į, in (dialectal)
    • Proto-Slavic: *vъ(n) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *en[11] (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *in (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *en(i)[12]
  • Proto-Italic: *en[4] (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Tocharian:
    • Tocharian A: -an
    • Tocharian B: -ne
  • Proto-Tocharian: *e(n)- (“intensifier”)[13]

References
  1. Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
  2. Dunkel, George E. (2014), “Lexikon [Lexicon]”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (Indogermanische Bibliothek. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher) (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, →ISBN, page 221
  3. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*ę̄drò”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 157
  4. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “in”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 300
  5. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*ę̄trò”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 158
  6. Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*enekʷo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 115
  7. Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 387
  8. Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 765
  9. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “eneṃ”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 89
  10. Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 196–197
  11. Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*eni”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 116
  12. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἐν”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 419
  13. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “e(n)-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 87-88

Further reading
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