< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰer-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*gʰer-

  1. to rub
  2. to stroke
  3. to grind
  4. to remove

Extensions
  • *gʰrey-
  • >? *gʰrenHdʰ-[1] (or *gʷʰrenHdʰ-, based on Latin frendō[2][3]; or *gʰrend-, to explain perhaps the Baltic[4] and Greek[5] forms)
    • ⇒ *gʰrénHdʰ-(e)-ti (root present)
      • Proto-Albanian:
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grenˀd-?
        • Lithuanian: grę́sti (“to scrape, scratch”)
      • Proto-Germanic: *grindaną (“to grind”) (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ *gʰrenHdʰ-éh₂
      • Proto-Germanic: *grindō (“gravel; sand; pebbles”) (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ *gʰrenHdʰ-o-
      • Proto-Germanic: *grindaz ~ *grindą
        • Proto-West Germanic: *grind
          • Old Dutch: *grint n
            • Middle Dutch: grint
              • Dutch: grind (“scabies, mange”)
          • Old High German: grint m
            • Middle High German: grint
              • German: Grind (“scab; scurf; (dial.) head”)
    • ⇒ *gʰrónHdʰ-o-m (root present)
      • Proto-Germanic: *grandą
        • Proto-West Germanic: *grand
          • Low German: grand (“sand”)
        • Icelandic: grand n (“grain, particle, little bit”)
    • ⇒? *gʰrónHd-ro-s
      • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰróndros
        • >? Ancient Greek: χόνδρος (khóndros, “small mass; corn of grain; cartilage”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *gʰrewd- ~ *gʰr-eu-d- ~ *gʷrod-
    • Armenian:
      • Old Armenian: կորկոտ (korkot) < *gʷo-gʷrod- (perhaps)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Lithuanian: graudìnti (“to move, touch”)
      • Proto-Slavic: *gruditi (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Latvian: grūst
      • Lithuanian: grūsti
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Baltic:
        • Lithuanian: grúodas (“frost; frozen mud or street dirt”)
        • → Proto-Finnic: *routa (“frost on the ground”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Slavic: *grùda (“heap, lump”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *grautaz (“coarse, crude; big, large”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *greutaną (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *greutą (“grit, rubble”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *grautiz
    • Proto-Germanic: *grūtiz, *grūtą
      • Proto-West Germanic:
        • Old English: grūt (“malt marsh”)
        • Old High German:
          • Middle High German: grūz (“corn of sand or grain”)[7]
        • → Medieval Latin: grutum, grudum, grutdum (“flour, meal”)
      • Old Norse: grautr (“porridge”)
  • *gʰrewh₂-, *gʰreh₂w-[8]
    • ⇒ *gʰrewh₂-ǵ(ʰ)-
      • ⇒ *gʰrowǵ(ʰ)os
        • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grauˀźas (“crushed stone, gravel”)
          • Latvian: gruži pl (“crushed stone”)
          • Lithuanian: gráužas, graũžas (“gravel, coarse sand”)
          • Proto-Slavic: *gruzъ (“crushed stone, gravel”) (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ *gʰrówh₂-mn̥ or *gʰróh₂u-mn̥
      • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrṓwmə
        • Ancient Greek: χρῶμα (khrôma, “color; skin”) (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ *gʰrówh₂-s or *gʰróh₂u-s
      • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrṓws
        • Ancient Greek: χρώς (khrṓs, “color; skin”) (see there for further descendants)
        • ⇒? Mycenaean Greek: 𐀀𐀒𐀫𐀸𐀁 (a-ko-ro-we-e /(h)akʰroweʰe/)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Latvian: gŗaût (“to destroy, demolish, bring down”)
      • Lithuanian: griáuti (“to destroy, demolish”)
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • >? Ancient Greek: ἔχραον (ékhraon, “attack, assault”)
    • Proto-Italic: *grūō
      • Latin: *gruō
        • ⇒? Latin: ingruō (“make an onslaught upon, attack, assail, fall on, threaten”)
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Proto-Italic: *grandis
      • ⇒ Latin: grandis (“large”) (see there for further descendants)

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʰer-
  • *gʰer-h₂d-
    • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰeráts
      • >? Ancient Greek: χεράς (kherás, “pebble, gravel”)[7]
  • *gʰer-gʰr-o- (reduplicated)[7]
    • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰénkʰros (with dissimilation r…r > n…r)
  • *gʰ-n̥-gʰr-u-s (reduplicated and infixed)?
  • *gʰér-mn̥
    • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰérmə
      • Ancient Greek: χέρμα (khérma)[7]
  • *gʰer-m-h₂d-
    • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰermáts
      • >? Ancient Greek: χερμάς (khermás, “stone (for throwing)”)

References
  1. Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 169: “*ghrendh- ‘grind’”
  2. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “frendō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 241
  3. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*grindan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 190
  4. Derksen, Rick (2015), “gręsti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 186
  5. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “χόνδρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1643
  6. Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 251
  7. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κέγχρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 662
  8. Derksen, Rick (2015), “griauti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 187
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