< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/ud-

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *úd (“out, outward”).

Prefix

*ud-[1]

  1. up, upwards, away, out of

Descendants
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ud-
  • Proto-Iranian: *uj-, *uc- (< *udᶻ-, *utˢ-, generalized from the position before dentals)
    • Central Iranian:
      • Avestan: 𐬎𐬯-‎ (us-), 𐬎𐬰-‎ (uz-)
        • → Iranian Persian: اس-‎ (os-, “prefix as "ex-" in English”) (revived prefix)
    • Northeastern Iranian:
      • Proto-Scythian::
        • Proto-Ossetic::
          • Ossetian::
            Digor: ӕс- (æs-), с- (s-)
            Iron: ус- (us-), ис- (is-)
        • Proto-Saka-Wakhi::
          • Old Khotanese: 𑀉𑀬𑀲- (uyasa- /uys-/)
            Late Khotanese: 𑀅𑀬𑀲- (ayasa- /ays-/), 𑀇𑀬𑀲- (iyasa- /iys-/), 𑀏𑀬𑀲- (eyasa- /eys-/)
          • Wakhi: (/zə-, zü-, z-/)
            Arabic: زو-‎, زوْ-‎, ز-‎
            Cyrillic: зә-, зу- (zu-), з- (z-)
            Latin: zə-, zü-, z-
      • Sogdo-Bactrian:
        • Bactrian: ασ- (as- /as-, *əs-/)
        • Khwarezmian: اس-‎ (ʾs- /*as-, *əs-/), س-‎ (s- /*sə/)
        • Sogdian: (/əs-, s-, əz-, z-/)
          Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾs-), [script needed] (s-), [script needed] (ʾz-), [script needed] (z-)
          Manichaean: 𐫀𐫘-‎ (ʾs-), 𐫘-‎ (s-), 𐫀𐫉-‎ (ʾz-), 𐫉-‎ (z-)
          Syriac: ܐܣ-‎ (ʾs-), ܣ-‎ (s-), ܐܙ-‎ (ʾz-), ܙ-‎ (z-)
    • Southeastern Iranian:
      • Yidgha: ز-‎ (zə-)
    • Northwestern Iranian:
      • Kurdish: /zi-/
        Central Kurdish: ز-‎ (zi- /zi-/)
        Northern Kurdish: zi-
        Southern Kurdish: ز-‎ (zi- /zi-/)
      • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
        • Parthian: (/iz-, is-/)
          Manichaean: 𐫙𐫉-‎ (ʿz-), 𐫙𐫘‎-‎ (ʿs‎-)
          • → Middle Persian: 𐫙𐫉-‎ (ʿz- /iz-/) (in some verbs e.g., 𐫙𐫉𐫇𐫀𐫡𐫅𐫗‎ (ʿzwʾrdn /izwārdan/, “to show”))
            • Classical Persian: ز-‎ (zi)
        • Zazaki: zi-, zu-
    • Southwestern Iranian:
      • Old Persian: 𐎢𐎿- (u-s- /us-/), 𐎢𐏀- (u-z- /uz-/), 𐎢𐎭- (u-d- /ud-/)
        • Middle Persian: (/uz-/)
          Manichaean: 𐫀𐫇𐫉-‎ (ʾwz-)
          Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾwz-), [Book Pahlavi needed] (tr=ʾwc-)
          Inscriptional Pahlavi: 𐭠𐭥𐭦-‎ (ʾwz-)
          Psalter Pahlavi: 𐮀𐮅𐮆-‎ (ʾwz-), 𐮀𐮅𐮏-‎ (ʾwc-)
          Pazend: 𐬎𐬰-‎ (uz-)
          • Classical Persian: ز-‎ (zu-), آز-‎ (āz-), از-‎ (az-)
            Iranian Persian: ز-‎ (zo-, “prefix as "ex-" in English”) (revived prefix)

References
  1. Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001), “úd”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 214
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