< Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic

Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʔahl-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Etymology

Posited by Dolgopolsky as a cognate to a South Cushitic *ʾáŝa (“hut, shelter”) found in Iraqw islaangw (“watch-hut in a field”), to the consonant onset of which according to him there a cluster of a voiceless guttural fricative and voiced alveolar lateral approximant gets resolved.

Noun

*ʔahl- m

  1. tent camp

Inflection
Declension of *ʔahl-
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *ʔahlum *ʔahlāna plural stem + *-ūna
Genitive *ʔahlim *ʔahlayna plural stem + *-īna
Accusative *ʔahlam
possessive forms
1st person *ʔahlī / *ʔahlVya — *ʔahlVni
2nd person m *ʔahlVka *ʔahlVkumā / *ʔahlVkumay *ʔahlVkum(ū)
2nd person f *ʔahlVki *ʔahlVkin(ā)
3rd person m *ʔahlVšu *ʔahlVšumā / *ʔahlVšumay *ʔahlVšum(ū)
3rd person f *ʔahlVša *ʔahlVšin(ā)
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ʔahluya for nom. case, *ʔahliya for gen. case, *ʔahlaya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ʔahl-
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *ʔahluka *ʔahlāka plural stem + *-ūka
Genitive *ʔahlika *ʔahlayka plural stem + *-īka
Accusative *ʔahlaka
Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ʔahl-
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *ʔahluki *ʔahlāki plural stem + *-ūki
Genitive *ʔahliki *ʔahlayki plural stem + *-īki
Accusative *ʔahlaki

Descendants
  • East Semitic:
    • Akkadian: 𒌷 (ālum)
    • Eblaite: 𒀀𒂍𒈤 (a-ʾà-al6, “city”)
  • West Semitic:
    • Central Semitic:
      • Arabic: أَهْل‎ (ʔahl, “kinfolk”)
        • Judeo-Arabic: אהל‎ (ʾahlun)
        • → Afar: áhli, aháli
        • → Hatran Aramaic: 𐣠𐣤𐣫‎ (ʾhl, “family”)
        • → Christian Palestinian Aramaic: ܐܗܠ‎ (ʾhl, “family”)
        • → Azerbaijani: əhl
        • → Persian: اهل‎ (ahl)
        • → Sindhi: اهل‎ (ahl)
        • → Swahili: ahali
        • → Ottoman Turkish: اهل‎ (ehl)
        • → Uzbek: ahl
        • → Uyghur: ئەھل‎ (ehl)
      • Northwest Semitic:
        • Amorite: [Term?] (/ʾahlum/, “tent”)
        • Aramaic:
          Jewish Palestinian Aramaic: אהיל‎
          Jewish Literary Aramaic: אׇהֲלָא‎ (ʾāhălā)
          Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: אֹוהְלָא‎ (ʾōhəlā, “tent”)
          Nabataean Aramaic: 𐢁𐢇𐢑‎ (“tent”)
          Classical Syriac: ܝܗܠܐ‎ (yahlā, “clan, group, cohort”)
          • → Akkadian: 𒀪𒇻 (/aʾlu/, “confederation”)
        • Canaanite:
          • Hebrew: (“tent”)
            Palestinian vocalization: אַהֶל‎ (ʾahel)
            Tiberian vocalization: אֹהֶל‎ (óhel, ʾṓhel)
          • Phoenician: 𐤀𐤄𐤋‎ (ʾhl)
        • Ugaritic: 𐎀𐎅𐎍 (ảhl /ʾahlu/, “tent”)
      • Old South Arabian:
        • Minaean: 𐩱𐩠𐩡‎ (ʾhl, “community, folk”)
        • Qatabanian: 𐩱𐩠𐩡‎ (ʾhl, “community, folk”)
        • Sabaean: 𐩱𐩠𐩡‎ (ʾhl, “community, folk”)
      • Dadanitic: 𐪑𐪀𐪁‎ (ʾhl)
      • Safaitic: 𐪑𐪁‎ (ʾl)
      • Thamudic: 𐪑𐪀𐪁‎ (ʾhl), 𐪑𐪁‎ (ʾl)
  • → Egyptian: jhjr (“tent”)

References
  • Dolgopolsky, Aron Borisovich (1987), “South Cushitic Lateral Consonants as Compared to Semitic and East Cushitic”, in Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Walter W. Müller, editor, Proceedings of the Fourth International Hamito-Semitic Congress, Marburg, 20–22 September, 1983, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 206 of 195–214
  • Guidi, Ignazio (1879) Della sede primitiva dei popoli semitici (in Italian), Rome: Tipi del Salviucci, page 31
  • Hoch, James E. (1994) Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period, Princeton: Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 31, Nr. 24
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