< Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic

Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʕaṯtar-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Etymology

Unknown. A borrowing from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr (“star”) has been suggested, perhaps by way of an Anatolian language, but runs into phonetic and semantic problems that are difficult to resolve.

Possibly inherited from Proto-Afroasiatic and cognate with Central Atlas Tamazight ⵉⵜⵔⵉ (itri) and Proto-Chadic *təra (whence Hausa tàurārṑ), if they are not in turn borrowings ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr.

Proper noun

*ʕaṯtar- f

  1. name of a star goddess, Astarte, Ishtar

Inflection
Declension of *ʕaṯtar-
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *ʕaṯtarum *ʕaṯtarāna *ʕaṯtarātum
Genitive *ʕaṯtarim *ʕaṯtarayna *ʕaṯtarātim
Accusative *ʕaṯtaram
possessive forms
1st person *ʕaṯtarī / *ʕaṯtarVya — *ʕaṯtarVni
2nd person m *ʕaṯtarVka *ʕaṯtarVkumā / *ʕaṯtarVkumay *ʕaṯtarVkum(ū)
2nd person f *ʕaṯtarVki *ʕaṯtarVkin(ā)
3rd person m *ʕaṯtarVšu *ʕaṯtarVšumā / *ʕaṯtarVšumay *ʕaṯtarVšum(ū)
3rd person f *ʕaṯtarVša *ʕaṯtarVšin(ā)
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ʕaṯtaruya for nom. case, *ʕaṯtariya for gen. case, *ʕaṯtaraya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ʕaṯtar-
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *ʕaṯtaruka *ʕaṯtarāka *ʕaṯtarātuka
Genitive *ʕaṯtarika *ʕaṯtarayka *ʕaṯtarātika
Accusative *ʕaṯtaraka
Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ʕaṯtar-
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *ʕaṯtaruki *ʕaṯtarāki *ʕaṯtarātuki
Genitive *ʕaṯtariki *ʕaṯtarayki *ʕaṯtarātiki
Accusative *ʕaṯtaraki

Descendants
  • East Semitic:
    • Akkadian: 𒀭𒈹 (Ištar)
    • Eblaite: 𒀭𒈹 (dMUŠ₃, dINANNA /Ašdar/)
  • West Semitic:
    • Central Semitic:
      • Ancient North Arabian: [script needed] (ʿAṯtar)[1]
        • Arabic: عَثْتَر‎ (ʕaṯtar)
        • → Imperial Aramaic: 𐡏𐡔𐡕𐡓𐡌‎ (ʿAštarum)[2]
        • → Palmyrene Aramaic: 𐡰𐡯𐡶𐡴‎ (ʿAstōr)[3][1]
        • → Phoenician: 𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤌‎ (ʿAštarum)[1]
      • Northwest-Semitic:
        • Amorite: 𒀭𒀹𒁯 (diš₈-dar, diš₈-tar₂ /ʿaṯtar(t)i/, Akkadian heterogram)
        • Aramaic:
          • Old Aramaic: 𐡏𐡕𐡓‎ (ʿAttar)[3][1]
            • → Akkadian: 𒀭𒀀𒋻 (da-tar /Atar/), 𒀭𒀜𒋻 (dat-tar /Attar/)[3]
            • → Ancient North Arabian: 𐪒𐪉𐪇‎ (ʿAttar)[3]
        • Canaanite:
          • Hebrew: עַשְׁתֹּרֶת‎ ('ashtóret, ʿaštṓreṯ)
            • → Classical Syriac: ܐܷܣܬܪܴܐ‎ (ʾestərā)
            • → Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: עַשְׁתָּרוֹת‎ (ʿaštārōṯ) and עַשְׁתְּרָתָא‎ (ʿaštərāṯā, “Ashtoreth”), אׅיסְתְּרָא‎ (ʾistərā, “female spirit”)
          • Moabite: 𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓‎ (ʿAštar)[3]
          • Phoenician: 𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕‎ (ʿAštart), 𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓‎ (ʿAštar)[4][3]
        • → Egyptian:
          a
          z
          T          		 M17r
          T
          t H8          		 I12
           (ꜥsṯjrṯt),
          a
          z
          T          		 M17r
          T
          t H8          		 I12
           (ꜥzṯjrṯt),
          aA
          a
          z          		 tiir
          Z1
          (ꜥꜣstjr),
          aA
          a          		 sytiii
           (ꜥꜣsyty),
          a
          z
          T          		 t
          H8          		 B1
           (ꜥsṯt),
          a
          z          		 T
          r          		 dt
          H8          		 B1
           (ꜥsṯrdt)
      • Old South Arabian: 𐩲𐩻𐩩𐩧‎ (ʿṯtr), 𐩲𐩯𐩩𐩧𐩣‎ (ʿśtrm)[3][1]
    • Ethiopian Semitic:
      • Ge'ez: ዐስተር (ʿästär, “heaven, sky”)
        • → Amharic: አስታር (ʾästar), ኣስተር (ʾastär, “star”)
        • → Blin: ኣስተር (astär, “sky”)
        • → Tigre: ዓስተር (ʿastär, “heaven”)

References
  1. Lipiński, Edward (2006) On the Skirts of Canaan in the Iron Age: Historical and Topographical Researches (Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta), volume 153, Leuven, Belgium: Peeters Publishers, →ISBN, page 413
  2. Lipiński, Edward (1975) Studies in Aramaic Inscriptions and Onomastics (Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta), volume 1, Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press, →ISBN, pages 58–76
  3. Lipiński, Edward (2000) The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion (Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta), volume 100, Leuven, Belgium: Peeters Publishers, →ISBN, pages 607-613
  4. Lipiński, Edward (1995) Dieux et déesses de l'univers phénicien et punique [Gods and Goddesses of the Phoenician and Punic Universe] (Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta) (in French), volume 64, Leuven, Belgium: Peeters Publishers, →ISBN, pages 411-412

Sources
  • Aren Wilson-Wright (2016), Athtart: The Transmission and Transformation of a Goddess in the Late Bronze Age, →ISBN
  • “strˀ”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
  • “ˁštrt”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
  • Olmo Lete, Gregorio del; Sanmartín, Joaquín; Watson, Wilfred G. E. (2015), “ʿṯtr – ʿṯtrt”, in A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition (Handbook of Oriental Studies; 112), 3rd edition, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 190–192
  • Leslau, Wolf (1991) Comparative Dictionary of Geʿez (Classical Ethiopic), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, page 73
  • Zimmern, Heinrich (1915) Akkadische Fremdwörter als Beweis für babylonischen Kultureinfluss (in German), Leipzig: A. Edelmann, page 61
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