< Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic

Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʕayn-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Noun

*ʕayn- f

eye
spring (of water)

Inflection

Declension of *ʕayn-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*ʕaynum

*ʕaynāna

plural stem + *-ūna

Genitive

*ʕaynim

*ʕaynayna

plural stem + *-īna

Accusative

*ʕaynam

possessive forms

1st person

*ʕaynī / *ʕaynVya

—

*ʕaynVni

2nd person m

*ʕaynVka

*ʕaynVkumā / *ʕaynVkumay

*ʕaynVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*ʕaynVki

*ʕaynVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*ʕaynVšu

*ʕaynVšumā / *ʕaynVšumay

*ʕaynVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*ʕaynVša

*ʕaynVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ʕaynuya for nom. case, *ʕayniya for gen. case, *ʕaynaya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ʕayn-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ʕaynuka	*ʕaynāka	plural stem + *-ūka
Genitive	*ʕaynika	*ʕaynayka	plural stem + *-īka
Accusative	*ʕaynaka	*ʕaynayka	plural stem + *-īka

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ʕayn-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ʕaynuki	*ʕaynāki	plural stem + *-ūki
Genitive	*ʕayniki	*ʕaynayki	plural stem + *-īki
Accusative	*ʕaynaki	*ʕaynayki	plural stem + *-īki

Declension of *ʕayn-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*ʕaynum

*ʕaynāna

*ʕaynātum

Genitive

*ʕaynim

*ʕaynayna

*ʕaynātim

Accusative

*ʕaynam

possessive forms

1st person

*ʕaynī / *ʕaynVya

—

*ʕaynVni

2nd person m

*ʕaynVka

*ʕaynVkumā / *ʕaynVkumay

*ʕaynVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*ʕaynVki

*ʕaynVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*ʕaynVšu

*ʕaynVšumā / *ʕaynVšumay

*ʕaynVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*ʕaynVša

*ʕaynVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ʕaynuya for nom. case, *ʕayniya for gen. case, *ʕaynaya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ʕayn-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ʕaynuka	*ʕaynāka	*ʕaynātuka
Genitive	*ʕaynika	*ʕaynayka	*ʕaynātika
Accusative	*ʕaynaka	*ʕaynayka	*ʕaynātika

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ʕayn-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ʕaynuki	*ʕaynāki	*ʕaynātuki
Genitive	*ʕayniki	*ʕaynayki	*ʕaynātiki
Accusative	*ʕaynaki	*ʕaynayki	*ʕaynātiki

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒅆 (īnum)
- Eblaite: 𒀀𒈾𒈾 du (a-na-na /ʕaynaya/)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: عَيْن‎ (ʕayn)
    - Algerian Arabic: عين‎ (ʕīn)
    - Egyptian Arabic: عين‎ (ʕēn)
    - Gulf Arabic: عين‎ (ʕēn)
    - Libyan Arabic: عين‎ (ʕīn, ʕēn)
    - Maltese: għajn
    - Moroccan Arabic: عين‎ (ʕayn, ʕīn)
    - North Levantine Arabic: عين‎ (ʕayn, ʕēn)
    - South Levantine Arabic: عين‎ (ʕēn)
    - Tunisian Arabic: عين‎ (ʕīn)
    - → Malay: عين‎ (ain)
    - → Persian: عین‎ ('eyn)
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Aramaic:
      Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: עַיְנָא‎ (ʿaynā)
      - Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܥܝܢܐ‎ (ʿayna)
      - Classical Syriac: ܥܰܝܢܳܐ‎ (ʿaynā)
      - Lishana Deni: אינא‎ (ʾēna)
      - Turoyo: ܥܰܝܢܳܐ‎ (cayno)
    - Canaanite:
      - Hebrew: עַיִן‎ ('áyin, ʿáyin)
      - Phoenician: 𐤏𐤍‎ (ʿn), 𐤏𐤉𐤍‎ (ʿyn)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎓𐎊𐎐 (ʿyn)
  - Old South Arabian:
    - Minaean: 𐩲𐩺𐩬‎ (ʿyn)
    - Qatabanian: 𐩲𐩺𐩬‎ (ʿyn)
    - Sabaean: 𐩲𐩺𐩬‎ (ʿyn)
- Ethiopian Semitic:
  - Amharic: ዐይን (ʿäyn)
  - Ge'ez: ዐይን (ʿäyn)
  - Tigrinya: ዓይኒ (ʿayni)

References

Kogan, Leonid (2015) Genealogical Classification of Semitic. The Lexical Isoglosses, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN
Huehnergard, John (2019), “Proto-Semitic”, in Huehnergard, John and Na'ama Pat-El, editors, The Semitic Languages, 2nd edition, Routledge, →ISBN

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