Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʕiṣ́-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Etymology

Perhaps related to Central Atlas Tamazight ⴰⵙⴽⵍⵓ (asklu).

Noun

*ʕiṣ́- m

tree
branch, piece of wood

Inflection

Declension of *ʕiṣ́-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*ʕiṣ́um

*ʕiṣ́āna

plural stem + *-ūna

Genitive

*ʕiṣ́im

*ʕiṣ́ayna

plural stem + *-īna

Accusative

*ʕiṣ́am

possessive forms

1st person

*ʕiṣ́ī / *ʕiṣ́Vya

—

*ʕiṣ́Vni

2nd person m

*ʕiṣ́Vka

*ʕiṣ́Vkumā / *ʕiṣ́Vkumay

*ʕiṣ́Vkum(ū)

2nd person f

*ʕiṣ́Vki

*ʕiṣ́Vkin(ā)

3rd person m

*ʕiṣ́Všu

*ʕiṣ́Všumā / *ʕiṣ́Všumay

*ʕiṣ́Všum(ū)

3rd person f

*ʕiṣ́Vša

*ʕiṣ́Všin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ʕiṣ́uya for nom. case, *ʕiṣ́iya for gen. case, *ʕiṣ́aya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ʕiṣ́-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ʕiṣ́uka	*ʕiṣ́āka	plural stem + *-ūka
Genitive	*ʕiṣ́ika	*ʕiṣ́ayka	plural stem + *-īka
Accusative	*ʕiṣ́aka	*ʕiṣ́ayka	plural stem + *-īka

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ʕiṣ́-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ʕiṣ́uki	*ʕiṣ́āki	plural stem + *-ūki
Genitive	*ʕiṣ́iki	*ʕiṣ́ayki	plural stem + *-īki
Accusative	*ʕiṣ́aki	*ʕiṣ́ayki	plural stem + *-īki

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒄑 (iṣum)
West Semitic:
- Arabic: عَصًا‎ (ʕaṣan)
  - Maltese: għasa
  - Moroccan Arabic: عصا‎ (ʕṣā)
  - ⇒ Gulf Arabic: عصاية‎ (ʕaṣāya)
  - ⇒ Hijazi Arabic: عصاية‎ (ʕaṣāya)
  - → Armenian: ասա (asa)
- Arabic: عُضّ‎ (ʕuḍḍ), عِضّ‎ (ʕiḍḍ)
- Northwest Semitic:
  - Aramaic: אָעָא‎ (ʾāʿā), עָעָא‎ (ʿāʿā), עָקָא‎ (ʿāqā)
  - Hebrew: עֵץ‎ ('ets, ʿēṣ)
  - Phoenician: 𐤏𐤑‎ (ʿṣ)
    - Punic: 𐤏𐤑‎ (ʿṣ)
  - Ugaritic: 𐎓𐎕 (ʿṣ /ʿiṣ/)
- Old South Arabian:
  - Minaean: 𐩲𐩳‎ (ʿḍ)
  - Qatabanian: 𐩲𐩳‎ (ʿḍ)
  - Sabaean: 𐩲𐩳‎ (ʿḍ)
- Ethiopian Semitic:
  - Ge'ez: ዕፅ (ʿəṣ́)
  - Amharic: ዕንጨት (ənč̣ät)
  - Tigrinya: ዕጨት (ˁəč̣č̣ät)

References

Huehnergard, John (2019), “Proto-Semitic”, in Huehnergard, John and Na'ama Pat-El, editors, The Semitic Languages, 2nd edition, Routledge, →ISBN
Kogan, Leonid (2015) Genealogical Classification of Semitic. The Lexical Isoglosses, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN

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