Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ṯawr-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Etymology

Compare Proto-Indo-European *táwros; may be borrowed from or into, or possibly both from a common unknown source.

Noun

*ṯawr- m

bull, ox

Inflection

Declension of *ṯawr-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*ṯawrum

*ṯawrāna

plural stem + *-ūna

Genitive

*ṯawrim

*ṯawrayna

plural stem + *-īna

Accusative

*ṯawram

possessive forms

1st person

*ṯawrī / *ṯawrVya

—

*ṯawrVni

2nd person m

*ṯawrVka

*ṯawrVkumā / *ṯawrVkumay

*ṯawrVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*ṯawrVki

*ṯawrVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*ṯawrVšu

*ṯawrVšumā / *ṯawrVšumay

*ṯawrVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*ṯawrVša

*ṯawrVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ṯawruya for nom. case, *ṯawriya for gen. case, *ṯawraya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ṯawr-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ṯawruka	*ṯawrāka	plural stem + *-ūka
Genitive	*ṯawrika	*ṯawrayka	plural stem + *-īka
Accusative	*ṯawraka	*ṯawrayka	plural stem + *-īka

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ṯawr-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ṯawruki	*ṯawrāki	plural stem + *-ūki
Genitive	*ṯawriki	*ṯawrayki	plural stem + *-īki
Accusative	*ṯawraki	*ṯawrayki	plural stem + *-īki

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒋗𒌑𒊒 (šūrum)
- Eblaite: 𒄞𒌉 (GU₄.TUR /šu-lum/)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: ثَوْر‎ (ṯawr)
    - Egyptian Arabic: تور‎ (tōr)
    - Gulf Arabic: ثور‎ (ṯōr)
    - Hijazi Arabic: ثور‎ (tōr, ṯōr)
    - South Levantine Arabic: تور‎ (tōr)
    - Moroccan Arabic: تور‎ (tūr, tawr)
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Aramaic: תַּוְרָא‎ (tawrā) / ܬܱ݁ܘܪܳܐ‎ (tawrā)
      - → Middle Persian:
        Manichaean: [Manichaean needed] (twwr /*tawar/, “bull, ox”)
        
        Persian: تاول‎ (tâvel, “bull, ox”) (obsolete)
        → Armenian: տավար (tavar, “beef”)
      - → Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tʾβʾr, “livestock, goods”)
    - Canaanite:
      - Hebrew: שׁוֹר‎ (shor, šôr)
      - Phoenician: 𐤔𐤓‎ (šr /šōr/)
        Punic: 𐤔𐤓‎ (šr /šūr/)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎘𐎗 (ṯr)
  - Old South Arabian:
    - Minaean: 𐩻𐩥𐩧‎ (ṯwr)
    - Qatabanian: 𐩻𐩥𐩧‎ (ṯwr)
    - Sabaean: 𐩻𐩥𐩧‎ (ṯwr), 𐩻𐩧‎ (ṯr)
- Ethiopian Semitic:
  - Ge'ez: ሶር (sor)
  - Tigrinya: ሶር (sor)
  - Tigre: ሶር (sor)

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