Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/biʔr-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Noun

*biʔr- m

a well

Inflection

Declension of *biʔr-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*biʔrum

*biʔrāna

plural stem + *-ūna

Genitive

*biʔrim

*biʔrayna

plural stem + *-īna

Accusative

*biʔram

possessive forms

1st person

*biʔrī / *biʔrVya

—

*biʔrVni

2nd person m

*biʔrVka

*biʔrVkumā / *biʔrVkumay

*biʔrVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*biʔrVki

*biʔrVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*biʔrVšu

*biʔrVšumā / *biʔrVšumay

*biʔrVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*biʔrVša

*biʔrVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *biʔruya for nom. case, *biʔriya for gen. case, *biʔraya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *biʔr-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*biʔruka	*biʔrāka	plural stem + *-ūka
Genitive	*biʔrika	*biʔrayka	plural stem + *-īka
Accusative	*biʔraka	*biʔrayka	plural stem + *-īka

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *biʔr-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*biʔruki	*biʔrāki	plural stem + *-ūki
Genitive	*biʔriki	*biʔrayki	plural stem + *-īki
Accusative	*biʔraki	*biʔrayki	plural stem + *-īki

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒁍𒌨𒋾 (bīrtum)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: بِئْر‎ (biʔr)
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Aramaic:
      Jewish Palestinian Aramaic: בְּאֵרָא‎ (bəʾērā)
      
      Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: בֵּירָא‎ (bērā)
      - Classical Syriac: ܒ݁ܐܶܪܰܐ‎ (bəʾerā)
    - Canaanite:
      - Hebrew: בְּאֵר‎ (b'ér, bəʾēr)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎁𐎛𐎗 (bỉr /biʾru/)

References

Kogan, Leonid (2011), “Proto-Semitic Lexicon”, in Weninger, Stefan, editor, The Semitic Languages. An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft – Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science; 36), Berlin: De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 192

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