Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/mut-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Etymology

From Proto-Afroasiatic. Cognate with Hausa mùtûm and possibly Central Atlas Tamazight ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⵜⵜ (tamṭṭutt, “woman, wife”).

Noun

*mut- m

person, man

Declension

Declension of *mut-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*mutum

*mutāna

plural stem + *-ūna

Genitive

*mutim

*mutayna

plural stem + *-īna

Accusative

*mutam

possessive forms

1st person

*mutī / *mutVya

—

*mutVni

2nd person m

*mutVka

*mutVkumā / *mutVkumay

*mutVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*mutVki

*mutVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*mutVšu

*mutVšumā / *mutVšumay

*mutVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*mutVša

*mutVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *mutuya for nom. case, *mutiya for gen. case, *mutaya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *mut-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*mutuka	*mutāka	plural stem + *-ūka
Genitive	*mutika	*mutayka	plural stem + *-īka
Accusative	*mutaka	*mutayka	plural stem + *-īka

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *mut-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*mutuki	*mutāki	plural stem + *-ūki
Genitive	*mutiki	*mutayki	plural stem + *-īki
Accusative	*mutaki	*mutayki	plural stem + *-īki

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒁮 (mutum, “husband, man, warrior”)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Canaanite:
      - Hebrew: מְתִים‎ (m'tím, məṯîm, “men”)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎎𐎚 (mt /mutu/, “husband, man, person”)
- Ethiopian Semitic:
  - Ge'ez: ምት (mət, “man”)

References

Kogan, Leonid (2015) Genealogical Classification of Semitic. The Lexical Isoglosses, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN

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