Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ḳarn-
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This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Semitic
Etymology
A possible loan relation with Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂-nó-s (“horn”) (from *ḱerh₂- (“horn, head”)) has been suggested, but the direction of loaning is disputed. Alternatively suggested to be cognate with a Proto-Omotic *ḳar- (“horn”), from Proto-Afroasiatic *ḳar- (“horn”) (tentative reconstructions).[1] Despite Orel and Stolbova’s connection with a supposed Egyptian qrtj (“horns”, dual), however, the Egyptian word is properly krtj and cannot correspond to the Semitic.
Inflection
Masculine:
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *ḳarnum | *ḳarnāna | plural stem + *-ūna | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genitive | *ḳarnim | *ḳarnayna | plural stem + *-īna | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accusative | *ḳarnam | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| possessive forms | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1st person | *ḳarnī / *ḳarnVya | — | *ḳarnVni | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd person m | *ḳarnVka | *ḳarnVkumā / *ḳarnVkumay | *ḳarnVkum(ū) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd person f | *ḳarnVki | *ḳarnVkin(ā) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd person m | *ḳarnVšu | *ḳarnVšumā / *ḳarnVšumay | *ḳarnVšum(ū) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd person f | *ḳarnVša | *ḳarnVšin(ā) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.
Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ḳarnuya for nom. case, *ḳarniya for gen. case, *ḳarnaya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ḳarn-
Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ḳarn-
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Femenine:
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *ḳarnum | *ḳarnāna | *ḳarnātum | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genitive | *ḳarnim | *ḳarnayna | *ḳarnātim | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accusative | *ḳarnam | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| possessive forms | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1st person | *ḳarnī / *ḳarnVya | — | *ḳarnVni | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd person m | *ḳarnVka | *ḳarnVkumā / *ḳarnVkumay | *ḳarnVkum(ū) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd person f | *ḳarnVki | *ḳarnVkin(ā) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd person m | *ḳarnVšu | *ḳarnVšumā / *ḳarnVšumay | *ḳarnVšum(ū) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd person f | *ḳarnVša | *ḳarnVšin(ā) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.
Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ḳarnuya for nom. case, *ḳarniya for gen. case, *ḳarnaya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ḳarn-
Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ḳarn-
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Descendants
References
- Orel, Vladimir E.; Stolbova, Olga V. (1995), “*ḳar-”, in Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary: Materials for a Reconstruction (Handbuch der Orientalistik; I.18), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill: “1549. *ḳar- “horn””