Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/yawm-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Etymology

From Proto-Afroasiatic *yam- (“day”). Cognate with Egyptian ỉmy (“sun (as an eye)”).

Noun

*yawm- m

day
Antonym: *layl-

Inflection

Declension of *yawm-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*yawmum

*yawmāna

plural stem + *-ūna

Genitive

*yawmim

*yawmayna

plural stem + *-īna

Accusative

*yawmam

possessive forms

1st person

*yawmī / *yawmVya

—

*yawmVni

2nd person m

*yawmVka

*yawmVkumā / *yawmVkumay

*yawmVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*yawmVki

*yawmVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*yawmVšu

*yawmVšumā / *yawmVšumay

*yawmVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*yawmVša

*yawmVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *yawmuya for nom. case, *yawmiya for gen. case, *yawmaya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *yawm-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*yawmuka	*yawmāka	plural stem + *-ūka
Genitive	*yawmika	*yawmayka	plural stem + *-īka
Accusative	*yawmaka	*yawmayka	plural stem + *-īka

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *yawm-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*yawmuki	*yawmāki	plural stem + *-ūki
Genitive	*yawmiki	*yawmayki	plural stem + *-īki
Accusative	*yawmaki	*yawmayki	plural stem + *-īki

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒌓 (ūmum)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: يَوْم‎ (yawm)
    - Egyptian Arabic: يوم‎ (yōm)
    - Gulf Arabic: يوم‎ (yōm)
    - Hijazi Arabic: يوم‎ (yōm)
    - Maltese: jum
    - Moroccan Arabic: يوم‎ (yūm)
    - → Ottoman Turkish: یوم‎ (yevm)
      - Turkish: yevm
    - → Persian: یوم‎ (yowm)
      - → Urdu: یوم‎ (yaum)
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Aramaic: יַוְמָא‎ (yawmā) יוֹמָא‎ (yōmā)
      - Classical Syriac: ܝܰܘܡܳܐ‎ (yawmā)
      - Lishana Deni: יומא‎ (yōma)
      - Classical Mandaic: ࡉࡅࡌ‎ (ium)
    - Canaanite:
      - Hebrew: יוֹם‎ (yom, yôm)
      - Phoenician: 𐤉𐤌‎ (ym)
        Punic: 𐤉𐤌‎ (ym)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎊𐎎 (ym /yōmu/)
- Old South Arabian: 𐩺𐩥𐩣‎ (ywm)
- Ethiopian Semitic:
  - Ge'ez: ዮም (yom, “today”)
    - → Amharic: ዮም (yom)
  - Tigre: ዮም (yom, “today”)
  - Tigrinya: ሎም (lom), ሎሚ (lomi, “today”)
- Modern South Arabian:
  - Mehri: yum (“day”)
  - Shehri: yum f (“sun; sunlight; light”), yum, yuhm, ɛ́m (“day”)
  - Soqotri: yōm

References

Nöldeke, Theodor (1910) Neue Beiträge zur semitischen Sprachwissenschaft‎ (in German), Straßburg: Karl J. Trübner, pages 133–5

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