< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-jь

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Alternative forms

Etymology 1

Continues[1] Proto-Indo-European *-yós and partially the marginal elative[2] Caland suffix Proto-Indo-European *-yos ~ *-is. In some cases, e.g. Proto-Slavic *siňь, the jo-stem may have spread from the comparative *-jьš-.

Over time, some yo-stem adjectives were fossilized into nouns and some kinetic i-stems were leveled out into jo-stems, giving rise to Slavic jo-stem nouns. Another source of jo-stem nouns is from Illič-Svityč's law , which transformed neutral ap B nouns (including jo-stems) into masculine.

Cognate with Lithuanian -ỹs (under stress), -is (genitive -io), Lithuanian -ias/-jas (elsewhere), Latvian -̧s, -̧š.

Suffix 1

*-jь

  1. Adjectival inherited from the Caland roots, usually with exceptional or magnifying meaning:
    *dobľь (“honest”)
    *ryďь (“ruddy, ginger”)
    *siňь (“glaucos blue/gray”)
  2. Adjectival of secondary origin, attached to o-grade roots:
    *lošь (“bad”)
    *dužь (“strong”)
    *bujь (“aggressive, fierce”)
Declension
Indefinite declension of *-jь (soft)
Singular Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *-jь *-ja *-je
Accusative *-jь *-jǫ *-je
Genitive *-ja *-ję *-ja
Locative *-ji *-ji *-ji
Dative *-ju *-ji *-ju
Instrumental *-jemь *-jejǫ *-jemь
Vocative *-ju *-je *-je
Dual Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *-ja *-ji *-ji
Accusative *-ja *-ji *-ji
Genitive *-ju *-ju *-ju
Locative *-ju *-ju *-ju
Dative *-jema *-jama *-jema
Instrumental *-jema *-jama *-jema
Vocative *-ja *-ji *-ji
Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *-ji *-ję *-ja
Accusative *-ję *-ję *-ja
Genitive *-jь *-jь *-jь
Locative *-jixъ *-jaxъ *-jixъ
Dative *-jemъ *-jamъ *-jemъ
Instrumental *-ji *-jami *-ji
Vocative *-ji *-ję *-ja
Definite declension of *-jь (soft)
Singular Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *-jьjь *-jaja *-jeje
Accusative *-jьjь *-jǫjǫ *-jeje
Genitive *-jajego *-jęję *-jajego
Locative *-jijemь *-jiji *-jijemь
Dative *-jujemu *-jiji *-jujemu
Instrumental *-jijimi *-jǫjǫ *-jijimi
Vocative *-jьjь *-jaja *-jeje
Dual Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *-jaja *-jiji *-jiji
Accusative *-jaja *-jiji *-jiji
Genitive *-juju *-juju *-juju
Locative *-juju *-juju *-juju
Dative *-jijima *-jijima *-jijima
Instrumental *-jijima *-jijima *-jijima
Vocative *-jaja *-jiji *-jiji
Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *-jiji *-jęję *-jaja
Accusative *-jęję *-jęję *-jaja
Genitive *-jьjixъ *-jьjixъ *-jьjixъ
Locative *-jijixъ *-jijixъ *-jijixъ
Dative *-jijimъ *-jijimъ *-jijimъ
Instrumental *-jijimi *-jijimi *-jijimi
Vocative *-jiji *-jęję *-jaja
Descendants
  • East Slavic:
    • Old East Slavic: -и (-i)
      • Old Ruthenian: -и (-i), -й (-j)
        • Belarusian: -й (-j)
        • Ukrainian: -й (-j)
    • Russian: -й (-j)
  • South Slavic:
    • Old Church Slavonic: -и (-i)
    • Bulgarian: -ʲ(0/a/e) (with palatalization of the preceding phoneme)
    • Macedonian:
    • Serbo-Croatian:
      Latin: -i
      Cyrillic: -и
    • Slovene:
  • West Slavic:

Suffix 2

*-jь m

  1. Nominal inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic, e.g.:
    *mǫžь (“man”)
    *moľь (“moth”)
    *koňь (“horse”)
    *ǫ̃žь (“snake”) (from a leveled PIE proterokinetic i-stem)
Declension
Declension of *-jь (soft o-stem)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *-jь *-ja *-ji
Accusative *-jь *-ja *-ję̇
Genitive *-ja *-ju *-jь
Locative *-ji *-ju *-jixъ
Dative *-ju *-jema *-jemъ
Instrumental *-jьmь, *-jemь* *-jema *-ji
Vocative *-ju *-ja *-ji
* -ьmь in North Slavic, -emь in South Slavic.
Derived terms
Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-jь
  • *-ь (i-stem)
  • *-ьjь
    • *-ьje n (noun-forming, usually denoting manner or location as well as the standard ending for deverbial action nouns)
    • *-ьja m (noun-forming, denoting collectiveness)

Etymology 2

From verbal stems inflecting (explicitly or implicitly) with Proto-Slavic *-jeti + *-ъ.

Cognate with Lithuanian -ỹs.[3]

Suffix

*-jь m

  1. Deverbal from root-emphatic verbs inflecting in original Proto-Slavic *-jeti, creates agent/instrument nouns:
    *kyjь (“hammer”) ← *kuti (“to hew”)
    *pьňь (“stump”) ←*pęti (“to stretch”)
  2. Deverbal from causative/iterative verbs inflecting in Proto-Slavic *-iti, creates agent/instrument nouns:
    *voďь (“leader”) ← *voditi (“to lead”)
    *lučь (“ray”) ← *lučiti (“to pinpoint, to target”)
    *nožь (“knife”) ← *nožiti (“to skewer”)
    *gojь (“fest, abundance”) ← *gojiti (“to feed”)
  3. Deverbal from stative/essive verbs inflecting in *-ěti/*-jati, yielding Proto-Slavic *-ějь.
  4. Deverbal from factive verbs inflecting in *-ati, yielding Proto-Slavic *-ajь.
Declension
Declension of *-jь (soft o-stem)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *-jь *-ja *-ji
Accusative *-jь *-ja *-ję̇
Genitive *-ja *-ju *-jь
Locative *-ji *-ju *-jixъ
Dative *-ju *-jema *-jemъ
Instrumental *-jьmь, *-jemь* *-jema *-ji
Vocative *-ju *-ja *-ji
* -ьmь in North Slavic, -emь in South Slavic.
Derived terms
Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-jь (deverbal)

Etymology 3

From Proto-Indo-European *-yos (“belonging to”).

Suffix

*-jь m

  1. Pronomial ending, attached to o-grade root, forming possesive pronouns:
    *mojь (“mine”) ← *mi (“me”) (dative)
    *tvojь (“ray”) ← *ti (“thee”) (dative)
    *svojь (“own”) ← *si (“self”) (dative)
    *našь (“our”) ← *nas (“ours”) (genetive)
    *vašь (“your”) ← *vas (“yours”) (genetive)

See also
  • *jь (“relative particle”)

References
  1. Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 62
  2. Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 64
  3. Otrębski, Jan (1964), “Славяно-балтийское языковое единство. II. Морфологические явления”, in Вопросы языкознания, issue 6, Москва: Издательство Академии наук СССР, page 28
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