< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tęžьkъ
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From earlier *tę̑gъkъ, *tęgъka̍, *tę̑gъko (definite *tęgъkъ̀jь), with medial *-ž- taken from the comparative form *tęžьjь, from Pre-Slavic *tingukas. The earlier u-stem based form is indirectly attested in the causative *otęgъčiti (“to burden”). Continues Proto-Balto-Slavic *tingús (mobile accent), from Proto-Indo-European *tengʰ-, morphologically equal to *tę̑gъ + *-ьkъ.
Directly cognate with Lithuanian tingùs (“lazy”) and Proto-Germanic *þunguz (whence Old Norse þungr (“heavy”)). Further akin to Proto-Iranian *θanǰáyati.
Declension
Indefinite declension of *tęžьkъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *tęžьkъ | *tęžьka | *tęžьko |
| Accusative | *tęžьkъ | *tęžьkǫ | *tęžьko |
| Genitive | *tęžьka | *tęžьky | *tęžьka |
| Locative | *tęžьcě | *tęžьcě | *tęžьcě |
| Dative | *tęžьku | *tęžьcě | *tęžьku |
| Instrumental | *tęžьkomь | *tęžьkojǫ | *tęžьkomь |
| Vocative | *tęžьče | *tęžьko | *tęžьko |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *tęžьka | *tęžьcě | *tęžьcě |
| Accusative | *tęžьka | *tęžьcě | *tęžьcě |
| Genitive | *tęžьku | *tęžьku | *tęžьku |
| Locative | *tęžьku | *tęžьku | *tęžьku |
| Dative | *tęžьkoma | *tęžьkama | *tęžьkoma |
| Instrumental | *tęžьkoma | *tęžьkama | *tęžьkoma |
| Vocative | *tęžьka | *tęžьcě | *tęžьcě |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *tęžьci | *tęžьky | *tęžьka |
| Accusative | *tęžьky | *tęžьky | *tęžьka |
| Genitive | *tęžьkъ | *tęžьkъ | *tęžьkъ |
| Locative | *tęžьcěxъ | *tęžьkaxъ | *tęžьcěxъ |
| Dative | *tęžьkomъ | *tęžьkamъ | *tęžьkomъ |
| Instrumental | *tęžьky | *tęžьkami | *tęžьky |
| Vocative | *tęžьci | *tęžьky | *tęžьka |
Definite declension of *tęžьkъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *tęžьkъjь | *tęžьkaja | *tęžьkoje |
| Accusative | *tęžьkъjь | *tęžьkǫjǫ | *tęžьkoje |
| Genitive | *tęžьkajego | *tęžьkyję | *tęžьkajego |
| Locative | *tęžьcějemь | *tęžьcěji | *tęžьcějemь |
| Dative | *tęžьkujemu | *tęžьcěji | *tęžьkujemu |
| Instrumental | *tęžьkyjimi | *tęžьkǫjǫ | *tęžьkyjimi |
| Vocative | *tęžьkъjь | *tęžьkaja | *tęžьkoje |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *tęžьkaja | *tęžьcěji | *tęžьcěji |
| Accusative | *tęžьkaja | *tęžьcěji | *tęžьcěji |
| Genitive | *tęžьkuju | *tęžьkuju | *tęžьkuju |
| Locative | *tęžьkuju | *tęžьkuju | *tęžьkuju |
| Dative | *tęžьkyjima | *tęžьkyjima | *tęžьkyjima |
| Instrumental | *tęžьkyjima | *tęžьkyjima | *tęžьkyjima |
| Vocative | *tęžьkaja | *tęžьcěji | *tęžьcěji |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *tęžьciji | *tęžьkyję | *tęžьkaja |
| Accusative | *tęžьkyję | *tęžьkyję | *tęžьkaja |
| Genitive | *tęžьkъjixъ | *tęžьkъjixъ | *tęžьkъjixъ |
| Locative | *tęžьkyjixъ | *tęžьkyjixъ | *tęžьkyjixъ |
| Dative | *tęžьkyjimъ | *tęžьkyjimъ | *tęžьkyjimъ |
| Instrumental | *tęžьkyjimi | *tęžьkyjimi | *tęžьkyjimi |
| Vocative | *tęžьciji | *tęžьkyję | *tęžьkaja |
Derived terms
Related terms
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “тяжелый”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- “tingus”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
- Gluhak, Alemko (1993) Hrvatski etimološki rječnik (in Serbo-Croatian), Zagreb: August Cesarec, page 624f
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (2003), “*obtęgъčiti”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 30 (*obsojьnikъ – *obvedьnъjь), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 175
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*tęžьkъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 494: “adj. o ‘heavy’”
- Kapović, Mate (2007), “The Development of Proto-Slavic Quantity”, in Wiener Slavistisches Jahrbuch, University of Vienna, page 8: “*tę̑žьkъ”
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