Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/tuman

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

From Common Turkic *tu- +‎ *-man. Apparently similar to Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂mós (“smoke”).

Noun

tuman

(Common Turkic) smoke
(Common Turkic) fog, mist, haze

Declension

Declension of *tuman (Common Turkic)

	singular	plural²⁾
nominative	*tuman	*tumanlar
accusative
genitive	*tumannïŋ	*tumanlarnïŋ
dative	*tumanka	*tumanlarka
locative	*tumanda	*tumanlarda
ablative	*tumandan	*tumanlardan
instrumental¹⁾		*tumanlarïn
equative¹⁾	*tumanča	*tumanlarča

¹⁾The original instrumental and equative cases have fallen into disuse in many Common Turkic languages.
²⁾This plural suffix is used only on Common Turkic, and not in Oghur. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish: دومان‎
  - Azerbaijani: duman
  - Ottoman Turkish: دومان‎, طومان‎ (duman)
    - Turkish: duman
    - Gagauz: duman
    - → Armenian: տո̈ւման (tüman), դուման (duman), թուման (tʿuman)
    - → Bulgarian: дума́н (dumán)
    - → Greek: ντουμάνι (doumáni)
      - ⇒ Greek: ντουμανιάζω (doumaniázo)
    - Kurdish:
      → Northern Kurdish: duman
      → Central Kurdish: دومان‎ (duman)
    - → Macedonian: думан (duman)
    - → Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: ду̀ма̄н
      Latin script: dùmān
- Turkmen: duman
- Salar: duman
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: [script needed] (tuman)
  - Uyghur: تۇمان‎ (tuman)
  - Uzbek: tuman
Kipchak:
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: томан (toman)
  - Tatar: томан (toman)
- West Kipchak:
  - Crimean Tatar: tuman
  - Karachay-Balkar: тубан (tuban)
  - Karaim: туман
  - Kumyk: туман (tuman)
- South Kipchak:
  - Caspian:
    - Karakalpak: duman
    - Kazakh: тұман (tūman)
    - Nogai: туман (tuman)
  - Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
    - Kyrgyz: туман (tuman)
Siberian:
- Old Turkic: [script needed] (tuman)
  - Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tuman)
- North Siberian:
  - Dolgan: туман
  - Yakut: туман (tuman)
- South Siberian:
  - Sayan:
    - Tofa: туман
    - Tuvan: туман (tuman)
  - Yenisei:
    - Khakas: тубан (tuban)
    - Shor: тубан
Borrowed from an unknown Turkic source:
- → Russian: тума́н (tumán)
- → Belarusian: тума́н (tumán)
- → Ukrainian: тума́н (tumán)

References

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