Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/bard

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *bardaz.

Noun

*bard m[1]

beard

Inflection

Masculine a-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*bard
Genitive	*bardas
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*bard	bardō, bardōs
Accusative	*bard	*bardā
Genitive	*bardas	*bardō
Dative	*bardē	*bardum
Instrumental	*bardu	*bardum

Descendants

Old English: beard
- Middle English: berd, bard, bærd, beord, burd
  - English: beard
  - Scots: berd, berde, beird
  - Yola: bearde
  - → Anglo-Norman: berd
  - →⇒ Anglo-Norman: barder (verb) (merged with Old French barbier)
Old Frisian: *bard, berd
- West Frisian: burd
Old Saxon: bard
- Middle Low German: bart
  - German Low German: Baart
  - Westphalian
    - Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Bårt
    - Vest Recklinghausen: Bart
    - Westmünsterländisch: Baord, Buord, Burd
  - Plautdietsch: Boat
  - → Norwegian Nynorsk: barde
  - → Saterland Frisian: Boart
Old Dutch: *bart
- Middle Dutch: bāert
  - Dutch: baard
    - Afrikaans: baard
    - Negerhollands: baard
      - → Virgin Islands Creole: bad (archaic)
    - → Norwegian Nynorsk: barde
    - → West Frisian: baard
  - Limburgish: baerd
Old High German: bart
- Middle High German: bart
  - Alemannic German: Baart
  - Central Franconian:
    Hunsrik: Baart
    Luxembourgish: Baart
  - East Central German:
    Upper Saxon:
    Vilamovian: biöet, biöt
  - East Franconian:
  - German: Bart
    - → Norwegian: bart
  - Rhine Franconian: Bat, Bart
    Frankfurterisch: [b̥ɑːt], (older) [b̥ɔːt]
    Pennsylvania German: Baart
  - Yiddish: באָרד‎ (bord)

References

Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 180: “PWGmc *bard”

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[1] Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 180: “PWGmc *bard”