Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/piper

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin piper.

Noun

*piper n

pepper[1]

Inflection

Neuter a-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*piper
Genitive	*piperas
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*piper	*piperu
Accusative	*piper	*piperu
Genitive	*piperas	*piperō
Dative	*piperē	*piperum
Instrumental	*piperu	*piperum

Descendants

Old English: pipor, piper
- Middle English: peper
  - English: pepper (see there for further descendants)
  - Scots: peper, pepar, pepir
  - Yola: pipper
Old Frisian: piper
- North Frisian: pöber
- Saterland Frisian: Pieper
- West Frisian: piper
Old Saxon:
- German Low German: Peper
Old Dutch: *pipar, *pepar
- Middle Dutch: peper
  - Dutch: peper
    - Afrikaans: peper
    - Negerhollands: pepper
    - → Aukan: pepee
    - → Munsee: piipel
    - → Papiamentu: peper
    - → Saramaccan: pepè
    - → Unami: pèpël
  - Limburgish: paeper
Old High German: pfeffar
- Middle High German: pfeffer
  - Cimbrian: fèffar
  - German: Pfeffer
  - Hunsrik: Peffer
  - Luxembourgish: Peffer
  - Pennsylvania German: Peffer
  - Yiddish: פֿעפֿער‎ (fefer)

References

Miller, D. Gary (13 June 2012), “Early loanwords from Latin and Greek”, in External Influences on English: From its Beginnings to the Renaissance, Oxford University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, § 4.5, page 72: “WGmc. *piper”.

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[1] Miller, D. Gary (13 June 2012), “Early loanwords from Latin and Greek”, in External Influences on English: From its Beginnings to the Renaissance, Oxford University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, § 4.5, page 72: “WGmc. *piper”.