angen

See also: angèn and ängen

Sundanese

Romanization

angen

  1. Romanization of ᮃᮍᮨᮔ᮪

Welsh

Etymology

From Middle Welsh aghen, from Proto-Brythonic *anken (compare Cornish and Breton anken, from Proto-Celtic *ankenā (cognate with Old Irish éicen (“force; necessity”)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂neḱ- (“to reach, attain”) cognate with Ancient Greek ἀνάγκη (anánkē, “force; necessity”).[1]

Pronunciation

Noun

angen m (usually uncountable, plural anghenion)

  1. need
    • 1803, William Owen Pughe, "A Dictionary of the Welsh Language", Volume 1
      Perid i Zyvrig arçeſgob wynieuthu Arthur yn vrenin, a dodi coron am ei ben; canys eu hangen oez yn eu cymhell.
      Perid i Ddyfrig archesgob wynieuthu Arthur yn frenin, a dodi coron am ei ben; canys eu hangen oedd yn eu cymhell. (modernized spelling)
      Dyfrig the archbishop was commanded to consecrate Arthur as king, and to place the crown upon his head; for their necessity was pressing upon them.
  2. (functioning as verbal noun) (a person etc.) in need of; as a predicate of bod, can be translated with the verb “to need”
    Bydd Gareth angen calon newydd.
    Gareth will need a new heart.
    (literally, “Gareth will be a person in need of a new heart.”)

Usage notes

Because angen is a noun, it does not use yn with bod and has no stem, meaning it must be used periphrastically.

Derived terms

  • anghenion arbennig (“special needs”)
  • anghenraid (“necessity”)
  • anghenus (“needy”)
  • diangen (“unnecessary”)
  • yn ôl yr angen (“as and when necessary”)

See also

Mutation

Welsh mutation
radicalsoftnasalh-prothesis
angen unchanged unchanged hangen
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

  1. Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 99 vi (1)

Further reading

  • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “angen”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
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