bonakala
Zulu
Etymology
From -bona + -akala.
Verb
-bonakala?
Inflection
| Tone H | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | ukubonakala | ||||||||
| Positive | Negative | ||||||||
| Infinitive | ukubonakala | ukungabonakali | |||||||
| Imperative | |||||||||
| Simple | + object concord | ||||||||
| Singular | bonakala | -bonakale | |||||||
| Plural | bonakalani | -bonakaleni | |||||||
| Present | |||||||||
| Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
| 1st singular | ngiyabonakala, ngibonakala | engibonakalayo, engibonakala | ngibonakala | angibonakali | engingabonakali | ngingabonakali | |||
| 2nd singular | uyabonakala, ubonakala | obonakalayo, obonakala | ubonakala | awubonakali | ongabonakali | ungabonakali | |||
| 1st plural | siyabonakala, sibonakala | esibonakalayo, esibonakala | sibonakala | asibonakali | esingabonakali | singabonakali | |||
| 2nd plural | niyabonakala, nibonakala | enibonakalayo, enibonakala | nibonakala | anibonakali | eningabonakali | ningabonakali | |||
| Class 1 | uyabonakala, ubonakala | obonakalayo, obonakala | ebonakala | akabonakali | ongabonakali | engabonakali | |||
| Class 2 | bayabonakala, babonakala | ababonakalayo, ababonakala | bebonakala | ababonakali | abangabonakali | bengabonakali | |||
| Class 3 | uyabonakala, ubonakala | obonakalayo, obonakala | ubonakala | awubonakali | ongabonakali | ungabonakali | |||
| Class 4 | iyabonakala, ibonakala | ebonakalayo, ebonakala | ibonakala | ayibonakali | engabonakali | ingabonakali | |||
| Class 5 | liyabonakala, libonakala | elibonakalayo, elibonakala | libonakala | alibonakali | elingabonakali | lingabonakali | |||
| Class 6 | ayabonakala, abonakala | abonakalayo, abonakala | ebonakala | awabonakali | angabonakali | engabonakali | |||
| Class 7 | siyabonakala, sibonakala | esibonakalayo, esibonakala | sibonakala | asibonakali | esingabonakali | singabonakali | |||
| Class 8 | ziyabonakala, zibonakala | ezibonakalayo, ezibonakala | zibonakala | azibonakali | ezingabonakali | zingabonakali | |||
| Class 9 | iyabonakala, ibonakala | ebonakalayo, ebonakala | ibonakala | ayibonakali | engabonakali | ingabonakali | |||
| Class 10 | ziyabonakala, zibonakala | ezibonakalayo, ezibonakala | zibonakala | azibonakali | ezingabonakali | zingabonakali | |||
| Class 11 | luyabonakala, lubonakala | olubonakalayo, olubonakala | lubonakala | alubonakali | olungabonakali | lungabonakali | |||
| Class 14 | buyabonakala, bubonakala | obubonakalayo, obubonakala | bubonakala | abubonakali | obungabonakali | bungabonakali | |||
| Class 15 | kuyabonakala, kubonakala | okubonakalayo, okubonakala | kubonakala | akubonakali | okungabonakali | kungabonakali | |||
| Class 17 | kuyabonakala, kubonakala | okubonakalayo, okubonakala | kubonakala | akubonakali | okungabonakali | kungabonakali | |||
| Recent past | |||||||||
| Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
| 1st singular | ngibonakalile, ngibonakalē | engibonakalile, engibonakalē | ngibonakalile, ngibonakalē | angibonakalanga | engingabonakalanga | ngingabonakalanga | |||
| 2nd singular | ubonakalile, ubonakalē | obonakalile, obonakalē | ubonakalile, ubonakalē | awubonakalanga | ongabonakalanga | ungabonakalanga | |||
| 1st plural | sibonakalile, sibonakalē | esibonakalile, esibonakalē | sibonakalile, sibonakalē | asibonakalanga | esingabonakalanga | singabonakalanga | |||
| 2nd plural | nibonakalile, nibonakalē | enibonakalile, enibonakalē | nibonakalile, nibonakalē | anibonakalanga | eningabonakalanga | ningabonakalanga | |||
| Class 1 | ubonakalile, ubonakalē | obonakalile, obonakalē | ebonakalile, ebonakalē | akabonakalanga | ongabonakalanga | engabonakalanga | |||
| Class 2 | babonakalile, babonakalē | ababonakalile, ababonakalē | bebonakalile, bebonakalē | ababonakalanga | abangabonakalanga | bengabonakalanga | |||
| Class 3 | ubonakalile, ubonakalē | obonakalile, obonakalē | ubonakalile, ubonakalē | awubonakalanga | ongabonakalanga | ungabonakalanga | |||
| Class 4 | ibonakalile, ibonakalē | ebonakalile, ebonakalē | ibonakalile, ibonakalē | ayibonakalanga | engabonakalanga | ingabonakalanga | |||
| Class 5 | libonakalile, libonakalē | elibonakalile, elibonakalē | libonakalile, libonakalē | alibonakalanga | elingabonakalanga | lingabonakalanga | |||
| Class 6 | abonakalile, abonakalē | abonakalile, abonakalē | ebonakalile, ebonakalē | awabonakalanga | angabonakalanga | engabonakalanga | |||
| Class 7 | sibonakalile, sibonakalē | esibonakalile, esibonakalē | sibonakalile, sibonakalē | asibonakalanga | esingabonakalanga | singabonakalanga | |||
| Class 8 | zibonakalile, zibonakalē | ezibonakalile, ezibonakalē | zibonakalile, zibonakalē | azibonakalanga | ezingabonakalanga | zingabonakalanga | |||
| Class 9 | ibonakalile, ibonakalē | ebonakalile, ebonakalē | ibonakalile, ibonakalē | ayibonakalanga | engabonakalanga | ingabonakalanga | |||
| Class 10 | zibonakalile, zibonakalē | ezibonakalile, ezibonakalē | zibonakalile, zibonakalē | azibonakalanga | ezingabonakalanga | zingabonakalanga | |||
| Class 11 | lubonakalile, lubonakalē | olubonakalile, olubonakalē | lubonakalile, lubonakalē | alubonakalanga | olungabonakalanga | lungabonakalanga | |||
| Class 14 | bubonakalile, bubonakalē | obubonakalile, obubonakalē | bubonakalile, bubonakalē | abubonakalanga | obungabonakalanga | bungabonakalanga | |||
| Class 15 | kubonakalile, kubonakalē | okubonakalile, okubonakalē | kubonakalile, kubonakalē | akubonakalanga | okungabonakalanga | kungabonakalanga | |||
| Class 17 | kubonakalile, kubonakalē | okubonakalile, okubonakalē | kubonakalile, kubonakalē | akubonakalanga | okungabonakalanga | kungabonakalanga | |||
| Remote past | |||||||||
| Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
| 1st singular | ngābonakala | engābonakala | ngābonakala | angibonakalanga | engingabonakalanga | ngingabonakalanga | |||
| 2nd singular | wābonakala | owābonakala | wābonakala | awubonakalanga | ongabonakalanga | ungabonakalanga | |||
| 1st plural | sābonakala | esābonakala | sābonakala | asibonakalanga | esingabonakalanga | singabonakalanga | |||
| 2nd plural | nābonakala | enābonakala | nābonakala | anibonakalanga | eningabonakalanga | ningabonakalanga | |||
| Class 1 | wābonakala | owābonakala | ābonakala | akabonakalanga | ongabonakalanga | engabonakalanga | |||
| Class 2 | bābonakala | abābonakala | bābonakala | ababonakalanga | abangabonakalanga | bengabonakalanga | |||
| Class 3 | wābonakala | owābonakala | wābonakala | awubonakalanga | ongabonakalanga | ungabonakalanga | |||
| Class 4 | yābonakala | eyābonakala | yābonakala | ayibonakalanga | engabonakalanga | ingabonakalanga | |||
| Class 5 | lābonakala | elābonakala | lābonakala | alibonakalanga | elingabonakalanga | lingabonakalanga | |||
| Class 6 | ābonakala | ābonakala | ābonakala | awabonakalanga | angabonakalanga | engabonakalanga | |||
| Class 7 | sābonakala | esābonakala | sābonakala | asibonakalanga | esingabonakalanga | singabonakalanga | |||
| Class 8 | zābonakala | ezābonakala | zābonakala | azibonakalanga | ezingabonakalanga | zingabonakalanga | |||
| Class 9 | yābonakala | eyābonakala | yābonakala | ayibonakalanga | engabonakalanga | ingabonakalanga | |||
| Class 10 | zābonakala | ezābonakala | zābonakala | azibonakalanga | ezingabonakalanga | zingabonakalanga | |||
| Class 11 | lwābonakala | olwābonakala | lwābonakala | alubonakalanga | olungabonakalanga | lungabonakalanga | |||
| Class 14 | bābonakala | obābonakala | bābonakala | abubonakalanga | obungabonakalanga | bungabonakalanga | |||
| Class 15 | kwābonakala | okwābonakala | kwābonakala | akubonakalanga | okungabonakalanga | kungabonakalanga | |||
| Class 17 | kwābonakala | okwābonakala | kwābonakala | akubonakalanga | okungabonakalanga | kungabonakalanga | |||
| Potential | |||||||||
| Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
| 1st singular | ngingabonakala | — | ngingabonakala | ngingebonakale | — | ngingebonakale | |||
| 2nd singular | ungabonakala | — | ungabonakala | ungebonakale | — | ungebonakale | |||
| 1st plural | singabonakala | — | singabonakala | singebonakale | — | singebonakale | |||
| 2nd plural | ningabonakala | — | ningabonakala | ningebonakale | — | ningebonakale | |||
| Class 1 | angabonakala | — | engabonakala | angebonakale | — | engebonakale | |||
| Class 2 | bangabonakala | — | bengabonakala | bangebonakale | — | bengebonakale | |||
| Class 3 | ungabonakala | — | ungabonakala | ungebonakale | — | ungebonakale | |||
| Class 4 | ingabonakala | — | ingabonakala | ingebonakale | — | ingebonakale | |||
| Class 5 | lingabonakala | — | lingabonakala | lingebonakale | — | lingebonakale | |||
| Class 6 | angabonakala | — | engabonakala | angebonakale | — | engebonakale | |||
| Class 7 | singabonakala | — | singabonakala | singebonakale | — | singebonakale | |||
| Class 8 | zingabonakala | — | zingabonakala | zingebonakale | — | zingebonakale | |||
| Class 9 | ingabonakala | — | ingabonakala | ingebonakale | — | ingebonakale | |||
| Class 10 | zingabonakala | — | zingabonakala | zingebonakale | — | zingebonakale | |||
| Class 11 | lungabonakala | — | lungabonakala | lungebonakale | — | lungebonakale | |||
| Class 14 | bungabonakala | — | bungabonakala | bungebonakale | — | bungebonakale | |||
| Class 15 | kungabonakala | — | kungabonakala | kungebonakale | — | kungebonakale | |||
| Class 17 | kungabonakala | — | kungabonakala | kungebonakale | — | kungebonakale | |||
| Immediate future | |||||||||
| Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
| 1st singular | ngizobonakala | engizobonakala | ngizobonakala | angizubonakala | engingezubonakala | ngingezubonakala | |||
| 2nd singular | uzobonakala | ozobonakala | uzobonakala | awuzubonakala | ongezubonakala | ungezubonakala | |||
| 1st plural | sizobonakala | esizobonakala | sizobonakala | asizubonakala | esingezubonakala | singezubonakala | |||
| 2nd plural | nizobonakala | enizobonakala | nizobonakala | anizubonakala | eningezubonakala | ningezubonakala | |||
| Class 1 | uzobonakala | ozobonakala | ezobonakala | akazubonakala | ongezubonakala | engezubonakala | |||
| Class 2 | bazobonakala | abazobonakala | bezobonakala | abazubonakala | abangezubonakala | bengezubonakala | |||
| Class 3 | uzobonakala | ozobonakala | uzobonakala | awuzubonakala | ongezubonakala | ungezubonakala | |||
| Class 4 | izobonakala | ezobonakala | izobonakala | ayizubonakala | engezubonakala | ingezubonakala | |||
| Class 5 | lizobonakala | elizobonakala | lizobonakala | alizubonakala | elingezubonakala | lingezubonakala | |||
| Class 6 | azobonakala | azobonakala | ezobonakala | awazubonakala | angezubonakala | engezubonakala | |||
| Class 7 | sizobonakala | esizobonakala | sizobonakala | asizubonakala | esingezubonakala | singezubonakala | |||
| Class 8 | zizobonakala | ezizobonakala | zizobonakala | azizubonakala | ezingezubonakala | zingezubonakala | |||
| Class 9 | izobonakala | ezobonakala | izobonakala | ayizubonakala | engezubonakala | ingezubonakala | |||
| Class 10 | zizobonakala | ezizobonakala | zizobonakala | azizubonakala | ezingezubonakala | zingezubonakala | |||
| Class 11 | luzobonakala | oluzobonakala | luzobonakala | aluzubonakala | olungezubonakala | lungezubonakala | |||
| Class 14 | buzobonakala | obuzobonakala | buzobonakala | abuzubonakala | obungezubonakala | bungezubonakala | |||
| Class 15 | kuzobonakala | okuzobonakala | kuzobonakala | akuzubonakala | okungezubonakala | kungezubonakala | |||
| Class 17 | kuzobonakala | okuzobonakala | kuzobonakala | akuzubonakala | okungezubonakala | kungezubonakala | |||
| Remote future | |||||||||
| Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
| 1st singular | ngiyobonakala | engiyobonakala | ngiyobonakala | angiyubonakala | engingeyubonakala | ngingeyubonakala | |||
| 2nd singular | uyobonakala | oyobonakala | uyobonakala | awuyubonakala | ongeyubonakala | ungeyubonakala | |||
| 1st plural | siyobonakala | esiyobonakala | siyobonakala | asiyubonakala | esingeyubonakala | singeyubonakala | |||
| 2nd plural | niyobonakala | eniyobonakala | niyobonakala | aniyubonakala | eningeyubonakala | ningeyubonakala | |||
| Class 1 | uyobonakala | oyobonakala | eyobonakala | akayubonakala | ongeyubonakala | engeyubonakala | |||
| Class 2 | bayobonakala | abayobonakala | beyobonakala | abayubonakala | abangeyubonakala | bengeyubonakala | |||
| Class 3 | uyobonakala | oyobonakala | uyobonakala | awuyubonakala | ongeyubonakala | ungeyubonakala | |||
| Class 4 | iyobonakala | eyobonakala | iyobonakala | ayiyubonakala | engeyubonakala | ingeyubonakala | |||
| Class 5 | liyobonakala | eliyobonakala | liyobonakala | aliyubonakala | elingeyubonakala | lingeyubonakala | |||
| Class 6 | ayobonakala | ayobonakala | eyobonakala | awayubonakala | angeyubonakala | engeyubonakala | |||
| Class 7 | siyobonakala | esiyobonakala | siyobonakala | asiyubonakala | esingeyubonakala | singeyubonakala | |||
| Class 8 | ziyobonakala | eziyobonakala | ziyobonakala | aziyubonakala | ezingeyubonakala | zingeyubonakala | |||
| Class 9 | iyobonakala | eyobonakala | iyobonakala | ayiyubonakala | engeyubonakala | ingeyubonakala | |||
| Class 10 | ziyobonakala | eziyobonakala | ziyobonakala | aziyubonakala | ezingeyubonakala | zingeyubonakala | |||
| Class 11 | luyobonakala | oluyobonakala | luyobonakala | aluyubonakala | olungeyubonakala | lungeyubonakala | |||
| Class 14 | buyobonakala | obuyobonakala | buyobonakala | abuyubonakala | obungeyubonakala | bungeyubonakala | |||
| Class 15 | kuyobonakala | okuyobonakala | kuyobonakala | akuyubonakala | okungeyubonakala | kungeyubonakala | |||
| Class 17 | kuyobonakala | okuyobonakala | kuyobonakala | akuyubonakala | okungeyubonakala | kungeyubonakala | |||
| Present subjunctive | |||||||||
| Positive | Negative | ||||||||
| 1st singular | ngibonakale | ngingabonakali | |||||||
| 2nd singular | ubonakale | ungabonakali | |||||||
| 1st plural | sibonakale | singabonakali | |||||||
| 2nd plural | nibonakale | ningabonakali | |||||||
| Class 1 | abonakale | angabonakali | |||||||
| Class 2 | babonakale | bangabonakali | |||||||
| Class 3 | ubonakale | ungabonakali | |||||||
| Class 4 | ibonakale | ingabonakali | |||||||
| Class 5 | libonakale | lingabonakali | |||||||
| Class 6 | abonakale | angabonakali | |||||||
| Class 7 | sibonakale | singabonakali | |||||||
| Class 8 | zibonakale | zingabonakali | |||||||
| Class 9 | ibonakale | ingabonakali | |||||||
| Class 10 | zibonakale | zingabonakali | |||||||
| Class 11 | lubonakale | lungabonakali | |||||||
| Class 14 | bubonakale | bungabonakali | |||||||
| Class 15 | kubonakale | kungabonakali | |||||||
| Class 17 | kubonakale | kungabonakali | |||||||
| Past subjunctive | |||||||||
| Positive | Negative | ||||||||
| 1st singular | ngabonakala | ngangabonakala, angabonakala, angangabonakala | |||||||
| 2nd singular | wabonakala | wangabonakala, awabonakala, awangabonakala | |||||||
| 1st plural | sabonakala | sangabonakala, asabonakala, asangabonakala | |||||||
| 2nd plural | nabonakala | nangabonakala, anabonakala, anangabonakala | |||||||
| Class 1 | wabonakala | wangabonakala, akabonakala, akangabonakala | |||||||
| Class 2 | babonakala | bangabonakala, ababonakala, abangabonakala | |||||||
| Class 3 | wabonakala | wangabonakala, awabonakala, awangabonakala | |||||||
| Class 4 | yabonakala | yangabonakala, ayabonakala, ayangabonakala | |||||||
| Class 5 | labonakala | langabonakala, alabonakala, alangabonakala | |||||||
| Class 6 | abonakala | angabonakala, awabonakala, awangabonakala | |||||||
| Class 7 | sabonakala | sangabonakala, asabonakala, asangabonakala | |||||||
| Class 8 | zabonakala | zangabonakala, azabonakala, azangabonakala | |||||||
| Class 9 | yabonakala | yangabonakala, ayabonakala, ayangabonakala | |||||||
| Class 10 | zabonakala | zangabonakala, azabonakala, azangabonakala | |||||||
| Class 11 | lwabonakala | lwangabonakala, alwabonakala, alwangabonakala | |||||||
| Class 14 | babonakala | bangabonakala, ababonakala, abangabonakala | |||||||
| Class 15 | kwabonakala | kwangabonakala, akwabonakala, akwangabonakala | |||||||
| Class 17 | kwabonakala | kwangabonakala, akwabonakala, akwangabonakala | |||||||
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