braire
French
Etymology
From Vulgar Latin *bragiō, from Gaulish *bragu (compare Old Irish braigid (“to flatulate”)), from Proto-Celtic *bragyeti (“to flatulate”). Cognate with English bray.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /bʁɛʁ/
Audio (file)
Verb
braire (defective)
Conjugation
This verb traditionally has no past historic or imperfect subjunctive. They would be formed on a -bray- root: *je brayis, *que nous brayissions etc. Forms using the 'a' endings of verbs in -er are now used when there is an unavoidable need to use these forms. The root -brais- was used instead of -bray- in the 18th century, and remains in Swiss and Savoy dialects.
Conjugation of braire (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | braire | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | brayant /bʁɛ.jɑ̃/ or /bʁe.jɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | brait /bʁɛ/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | brais /bʁɛ/ |
brais /bʁɛ/ |
brait /bʁɛ/ |
brayons /bʁɛ.jɔ̃/ or /bʁe.jɔ̃/ |
brayez /bʁɛ.je/ or /bʁe.je/ |
braient /bʁɛ/ |
| imperfect | brayais /bʁɛ.jɛ/ or /bʁe.jɛ/ |
brayais /bʁɛ.jɛ/ or /bʁe.jɛ/ |
brayait /bʁɛ.jɛ/ or /bʁe.jɛ/ |
brayions /bʁɛj.jɔ̃/ |
brayiez /bʁɛj.je/ |
brayaient /bʁɛ.jɛ/ or /bʁe.jɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | brayai /bʁɛe/ |
brayas /bʁɛa/ |
braya /bʁɛa/ |
brayâmes /bʁɛam/ |
brayâtes /bʁɛat/ |
brayèrent /bʁɛɛʁ/ | |
| future | brairai /bʁɛ.ʁe/ or /bʁe.ʁe/ |
brairas /bʁɛ.ʁa/ or /bʁe.ʁa/ |
braira /bʁɛ.ʁa/ or /bʁe.ʁa/ |
brairons /bʁɛ.ʁɔ̃/ or /bʁe.ʁɔ̃/ |
brairez /bʁɛ.ʁe/ or /bʁe.ʁe/ |
brairont /bʁɛ.ʁɔ̃/ or /bʁe.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | brairais /bʁɛ.ʁɛ/ or /bʁe.ʁɛ/ |
brairais /bʁɛ.ʁɛ/ or /bʁe.ʁɛ/ |
brairait /bʁɛ.ʁɛ/ or /bʁe.ʁɛ/ |
brairions /bʁɛ.ʁjɔ̃/ or /bʁe.ʁjɔ̃/ |
brairiez /bʁɛ.ʁje/ or /bʁe.ʁje/ |
brairaient /bʁɛ.ʁɛ/ or /bʁe.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | braie /bʁɛ/ |
braies /bʁɛ/ |
braie /bʁɛ/ |
brayions /bʁɛj.jɔ̃/ |
brayiez /bʁɛj.je/ |
braient /bʁɛ/ |
| imperfect2 | brayasse /bʁɛas/ |
brayasses /bʁɛas/ |
brayât /bʁɛa/ |
brayassions /bʁɛa.sjɔ̃/ |
brayassiez /bʁɛa.sje/ |
brayassent /bʁɛas/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | brais /bʁɛ/ |
— | brayons /bʁɛ.jɔ̃/ or /bʁe.jɔ̃/ |
brayez /bʁɛ.je/ or /bʁe.je/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Further reading
- “braire”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Norman
Etymology
From Old French braire, from Gaulish.
Conjugation
Conjugation of the verb « braire » in Norman| infinitive | braire | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gerund | brayant | ||||||
| auxiliary | aveir1 | ||||||
| past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
| singular | brait | braite | |||||
| plural | braits | braites | |||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| indicative | je (j') | tu (t') | il, alle, nos |
je (nos) |
vos | il, alles | |
| present | brais | brais | brait | brayoms | brayez | braient | |
| imperfect | brayeis | brayeis | brayeit | brayioms | brayiez | brayeient | |
| preterite | brayis | brayis | brayit | brayîmes | brayîtes | brayîtrent | |
| future | brairai | brairas | braira | brairoms | brairez | brairont | |
| conditional | braireis | braireis | braireit | brairioms | brairiez | braireient | |
| subjunctive | que je (j') | que te (t') | qu'il, qu'alle, que nos |
que je (que nos) |
que vos | qu'il, qu'alles | |
| present | braie | braies | braie | brayioms | brayiez | braient | |
| imperfect | brayisse | brayisses | brayît brayisse |
brayissioms | brayissiez | brayissent | |
| imperative | — | tu | — | je (nos) |
vos | — | |
| brais | brayoms | brayez | |||||
| 1Used with past participles. | |||||||
Related terms
Old French
Alternative forms
- braer, brere
Etymology
Inherited from Vulgar Latin *bragiāre, from Gaulish, from Proto-Celtic *bragyeti (“to fart”).
Conjugation
This verb conjugates as a third-group verb. This verb has irregularities in its conjugation. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.
Conjugation of braire (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)
| simple | compound | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | braire | avoir brait | |||||
| gerund | en braiant | Use the gerund of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| present participle | braiant | ||||||
| past participle | brait | ||||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | jo | tu | il | nos | vos | il | |
| simple tenses |
present | brai | brais | brait | braions | braiez | braient |
| imperfect | braioie, braieie | braioies, braieies | braioit, braieit | braiiiens, braiiens | braiiiez, braiiez | braioient, braieient | |
| preterite | brais | braisis | braist | braisimes | braisistes | braistrent | |
| future | brairai | brairas | braira | brairons | brairoiz, braireiz, brairez | brairont | |
| conditional | brairoie, braireie | brairoies, braireies | brairoit, braireit | brairiiens, brairiens | brairiiez, brairiez | brairoient, braireient | |
| compound tenses |
present perfect | Use the present tense of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | Use the imperfect tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| past anterior | Use the preterite tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | Use the future tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | Use the conditional tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que jo | que tu | qu’il | que nos | que vos | qu’il | |
| simple tenses |
present | braie | braies | braie | braions | braiez | braient |
| imperfect | braisisse | braisisses | braisist | braisissons, braisissiens | braisissoiz, braisissez, braisissiez | braisissent | |
| compound tenses |
past | Use the present subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | Use the imperfect subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | tu | – | nos | vos | – | |
| — | brai | — | braions | braiez | — | ||
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