crynu

Welsh

Etymology

Cognate with Cornish krena, kerna, Middle Breton crenaff (modern Breton krenañ), Old Irish ara·chrin. From Proto-Celtic *kriniti, from Proto-Indo-European *krey-.

Pronunciation

Verb

crynu (first-person singular present crynaf) (transitive, intransitive)

  1. to tremble, quake, shiver, shudder
  2. to shake, brandish
  3. to vibrate
  4. to quaver
  5. to gnash
  6. to twinkle

Conjugation
Conjugation (literary)
singular plural impersonal
first second third first second third
present indicative/future crynaf cryni crŷn, cryna crynwn crynwch crynant crynir
imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/
conditional		 crynwn crynit crynai crynem crynech crynent crynid
preterite crynais crynaist crynodd crynasom crynasoch crynasant crynwyd
pluperfect crynaswn crynasit crynasai crynasem crynasech crynasent crynasid, crynesid
present subjunctive crynwyf crynych cryno crynom crynoch crynont cryner
imperative — cryna cryned crynwn crynwch crynent cryner
verbal noun crynu
verbal adjectives crynedig
crynadwy
Conjugation (colloquial)
Inflected colloquial forms singular plural
first second third first second third
future cryna i, crynaf i cryni di crynith o/e/hi, cryniff e/hi crynwn ni crynwch chi crynan nhw
conditional crynwn i, crynswn i crynet ti, crynset ti crynai fo/fe/hi, crynsai fo/fe/hi crynen ni, crynsen ni crynech chi, crynsech chi crynen nhw, crynsen nhw
preterite crynais i, crynes i crynaist ti, crynest ti crynodd o/e/hi crynon ni crynoch chi crynon nhw
imperative — cryna — — crynwch —
Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh.
  • crŷn m (“the action or process of trembling, a shivering, a quaking”)
  • cryniadur
  • Crynwr m (“Quaker”)
  • dirgrynu (“to tremble violently, quake, vibrate, convulse, tremble with fear, be afraid; to shake”)

Mutation
Welsh mutation
radicalsoftnasalaspirate
crynu grynu nghrynu chrynu
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References
  • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “crynu”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
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