dringen
Dutch
Etymology
From Middle Dutch dringen, from Old Dutch *thringan, from Proto-West Germanic *þringwan, from Proto-Germanic *þrinhwaną.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈdrɪŋə(n)/
Audio (file) - Hyphenation: drin‧gen
- Rhymes: -ɪŋən
Verb
dringen
Inflection
| Inflection of dringen (strong class 3a) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | dringen | |||
| past singular | drong | |||
| past participle | gedrongen | |||
| infinitive | dringen | |||
| gerund | dringen n | |||
| present tense | past tense | |||
| 1st person singular | dring | drong | ||
| 2nd person sing. (jij) | dringt | drong | ||
| 2nd person sing. (u) | dringt | drong | ||
| 2nd person sing. (gij) | dringt | drongt | ||
| 3rd person singular | dringt | drong | ||
| plural | dringen | drongen | ||
| subjunctive sing.1 | dringe | dronge | ||
| subjunctive plur.1 | dringen | drongen | ||
| imperative sing. | dring | |||
| imperative plur.1 | dringt | |||
| participles | dringend | gedrongen | ||
| 1) Archaic. | ||||
Derived terms
- aandringen
- afdringen
- bedringen
- binnendringen
- doordringen
- dringend
- indringen
- opdringen
- opeendringen
- samendringen
- terugdringen
- verdringen
- voordringen
- wegdringen
German
Etymology
From Middle High German dringen, from Old High German dringan. Akin to drängen and Drang. Cognate with dialectal English thring and, more distantly, with English throng.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈdʁɪŋən/
- Hyphenation: dring‧en
Audio (file) - Rhymes: -ɪŋn̩
Verb
dringen (class 3 strong, third-person singular present dringt, past tense drang, past participle gedrungen, past subjunctive dränge, auxiliary haben or sein)
- (intransitive) to insist; to press [auxiliary haben]
- auf etwas dringen ― to press for something / to insist on something
- (intransitive) to ooze; to seep [auxiliary sein]
- in etwas dringen ― to seep into something
- (intransitive) to penetrate, to force one’s way [auxiliary sein]
- durch etwas dringen ― to penetrate something (literally, “to force one’s way into something”)
Conjugation
| infinitive | dringen | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present participle | dringend | ||||
| past participle | gedrungen | ||||
| auxiliary | haben or sein | ||||
| indicative | subjunctive | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| present | ich dringe | wir dringen | i | ich dringe | wir dringen |
| du dringst | ihr dringt | du dringest | ihr dringet | ||
| er dringt | sie dringen | er dringe | sie dringen | ||
| preterite | ich drang | wir drangen | ii | ich dränge1 | wir drängen1 |
| du drangst | ihr drangt | du drängest1 du drängst1 |
ihr dränget1 ihr drängt1 | ||
| er drang | sie drangen | er dränge1 | sie drängen1 | ||
| imperative | dring (du) dringe (du) |
dringt (ihr) | |||
1Rare except in very formal contexts; alternative in würde normally preferred.
Derived terms
- Eindringling
- eindringen
- durchdringen
- hereindringen
- vordringen
Low German
Verb
dringen (third-person singular simple present dringt, past tense drung, past participle drungen, auxiliary verb wesen or hebben)
- (intransitive, auxiliary hebben) to insist; to press
- op wat dringen ― to press for something, insist on something
- (intransitive, auxiliary: wesen) to ooze; to seep
- in wat dringen ― to seep into something
- (intransitive, auxiliary: wesen) to force one’s way
- dörch wat dringen ― to penetrate something (literally, “to force one’s way into something”)
Conjugation
Conjugation of dringen (class 3 strong verb)
| infinitive | dringen | |
|---|---|---|
| indicative | present | preterite |
| 1st person singular | dring | drung |
| 2nd person singular | drings(t) | drungs(t) |
| 3rd person singular | dring(t) | drung |
| plural | dringt, dringen | drungen |
| imperative | present | — |
| singular | dring | |
| plural | dringt | |
| participle | present | past |
| dringen | (e)drungen, gedrungen | |
| Note: This conjugation is one of many; neither its grammar nor spelling apply to all dialects. | ||
Middle Dutch
Inflection
| Strong class 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | dringen | |
| 3rd sg. past | dranc | |
| 3rd pl. past | drongen | |
| Past participle | gedrongen | |
| Infinitive | dringen | |
| In genitive | dringens | |
| In dative | dringene | |
| Indicative | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | dringe | dranc |
| 2nd singular | drincs, dringes | droncs, dronges |
| 3rd singular | drinct, dringet | dranc |
| 1st plural | dringen | drongen |
| 2nd plural | drinct, dringet | dronct, dronget |
| 3rd plural | dringen | drongen |
| Subjunctive | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | dringe | dronge |
| 2nd singular | drincs, dringes | dronges |
| 3rd singular | dringe | dronge |
| 1st plural | dringen | drongen |
| 2nd plural | drinct, dringet | dronget |
| 3rd plural | dringen | drongen |
| Imperative | Present | |
| Singular | drinc, dringe | |
| Plural | drinct, dringet | |
| Present | Past | |
| Participle | dringende | gedrongen |
Further reading
- “dringhen”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
- Verwijs, E.; Verdam, J. (1885–1929), “dringen (I)”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN, page I
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