gmgm

Egyptian

Pronunciation
 
  • (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈkʼamkʼam/ → /kʼamkʼam/ → /ˈkʼamkʼəm/

Verb
gmmgmmZ9

 4-lit.

  1. (intransitive or transitive) to smash, to break
    • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 59–60:
      xt
      t Z1      		 Z2
      Hr Z1      		 gmmgmmZ10tA
      N23 Z1      		 HrZ1mn
      n      		 mn
      n      		 D54
      ḫtw ḥr gmgm tꜣ ḥr mnmn
      Trees were breaking, the ground was quaking.

Inflection
Conjugation of gmgm (quadriliteral / 4-lit. / 4rad.) — base stem: gmgm
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
gmgm
 gmgmw, gmgm
 gmgmt
 gmgm
 gmgm
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
gmgm
 ḥr gmgm
 m gmgm
 r gmgm
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active passive contingent
aspect / mood active passive
perfect gmgm.n
 gmgmw, gmgm
 consecutive gmgm.jn
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative gmgmt
perfective3 gmgm
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 obligative1 gmgm.ḫr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective gmgm
 active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3 gmgmw, gmgm
 gmgmw, gmgm
 potentialis1 gmgm.kꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive gmgm
 active + .tj1, .tw2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active passive active passive
perfect gmgm.n
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 — —
perfective gmgm
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 gmgm
 gmgm, gmgmw5, gmgmy5
imperfective gmgm, gmgmy, gmgmw5
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 gmgm, gmgmj6, gmgmy6
 gmgm, gmgmw5
prospective gmgm, gmgmtj7
 — gmgmwtj1 4, gmgmtj4, gmgmt4
  1. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
  2. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
  3. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
  4. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
  5. Only in the masculine singular.
  6. Only in the masculine.
  7. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of gmgm  
gmmgmmZ9
D40
gmgm

Descendants
  • Coptic:
    • Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲙⲕⲙ (kmkm)
    • Bohairic Coptic: ⲕⲉⲙⲕⲉⲙ (kemkem)

References
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