honga

Karelian
Regional variants of honga
North Karelian
(Viena)		 honka
South Karelian
(Tver)		 honga

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *honka. Cognates include Finnish honka and Estonian hong.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈhoŋɡɑ/
  • Hyphenation: hon‧ga

Noun

honga (genitive hongan, partitive hongua)

  1. (South Karelian) dead, dry pine tree

Declension
Tver Karelian declension of honga (type 5/koira no gradation)
singular plural
nominative honga hongat
genitive hongan hongin
partitive hongua hongie
illative hongah hongih
inessive hongašša hongissa
elative hongašta hongista
adessive hongalla hongilla
ablative hongalda hongilda
translative hongakši hongiksi
essive hongana hongina
comitative honganke honginke
comitative hongatta hongitta
Possessive forms of honga
1st person hongani
2nd person hongaš
3rd person hongah
*) Possessive forms are very rare for adjectives and only used in substantivised clauses.

References
  • A. V. Punzhina (1994), “honga”, in Словарь карельского языка (тверские говоры) [Dictionary of the Karelian language (Tver dialects)], →ISBN

Swahili

Pronunciation
  • Audio (Kenya)(file)

Verb

-honga (infinitive kuhonga)

  1. to bribe

Conjugation
Conjugation of -honga
Positive present -nahonga
Subjunctive -honge
Negative -hongi
Imperative singular honga
Infinitives
Positive kuhonga
Negative kutohonga
Imperatives
Singular honga
Plural hongeni
Tensed forms
Habitual huhonga
Positive past positive subject concord + -lihonga
Negative past negative subject concord + -kuhonga
Positive present (positive subject concord + -nahonga)
Singular Plural
1st person ninahonga/nahonga tunahonga
2nd person unahonga mnahonga
3rd person m-wa(I/II) anahonga wanahonga
other classes positive subject concord + -nahonga
Negative present (negative subject concord + -hongi)
Singular Plural
1st person sihongi hatuhongi
2nd person huhongi hamhongi
3rd person m-wa(I/II) hahongi hawahongi
other classes negative subject concord + -hongi
Positive future positive subject concord + -tahonga
Negative future negative subject concord + -tahonga
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -honge)
Singular Plural
1st person nihonge tuhonge
2nd person uhonge mhonge
3rd person m-wa(I/II) ahonge wahonge
other classes positive subject concord + -honge
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -sihonge
Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngehonga
Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singehonga
Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngalihonga
Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singalihonga
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -ahonga)
Singular Plural
1st person nahonga twahonga
2nd person wahonga mwahonga
3rd person m-wa(I/II) ahonga wahonga
m-mi(III/IV) wahonga yahonga
ji-ma(V/VI) lahonga yahonga
ki-vi(VII/VIII) chahonga vyahonga
n(IX/X) yahonga zahonga
u(XI) wahonga see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) kwahonga
pa(XVI) pahonga
mu(XVIII) mwahonga
Perfect positive subject concord + -mehonga
"Already" positive subject concord + -meshahonga
"Not yet" negative subject concord + -jahonga
"If/When" positive subject concord + -kihonga
"If not" positive subject concord + -sipohonga
Consecutive kahonga / positive subject concord + -kahonga
Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -kahonge
Object concord (indicative positive)
Singular Plural
1st person -nihonga -tuhonga
2nd person -kuhonga -wahonga/-kuhongeni/-wahongeni
3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mhonga -wahonga
m-mi(III/IV) -uhonga -ihonga
ji-ma(V/VI) -lihonga -yahonga
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kihonga -vihonga
n(IX/X) -ihonga -zihonga
u(XI) -uhonga see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -kuhonga
pa(XVI) -pahonga
mu(XVIII) -muhonga
Reflexive -jihonga
Relative forms
General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -honga- + relative marker)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -hongaye -hongao
m-mi(III/IV) -hongao -hongayo
ji-ma(V/VI) -hongalo -hongayo
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -hongacho -hongavyo
n(IX/X) -hongayo -hongazo
u(XI) -hongao see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -hongako
pa(XVI) -hongapo
mu(XVIII) -hongamo
Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -honga)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -yehonga -ohonga
m-mi(III/IV) -ohonga -yohonga
ji-ma(V/VI) -lohonga -yohonga
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -chohonga -vyohonga
n(IX/X) -yohonga -zohonga
u(XI) -ohonga see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -kohonga
pa(XVI) -pohonga
mu(XVIII) -mohonga
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Derived terms
  • Verbal derivations:
  • Nominal derivations:
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