mangala
Southern Ndebele
Inflection
This noun needs an inflection-table template.
Swazi
Inflection
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Xhosa
Inflection
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Zulu
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Inflection
| Tone L | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | ukumangala | ||||||||
| Positive | Negative | ||||||||
| Infinitive | ukumangala | ukungamangali | |||||||
| Imperative | |||||||||
| Simple | + object concord | ||||||||
| Singular | mangala | -mangale | |||||||
| Plural | mangalani | -mangaleni | |||||||
| Present | |||||||||
| Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
| 1st singular | ngiyamangala, ngimangala | engimangalayo, engimangala | ngimangala | angimangali | engingamangali | ngingamangali | |||
| 2nd singular | uyamangala, umangala | omangalayo, omangala | umangala | awumangali | ongamangali | ungamangali | |||
| 1st plural | siyamangala, simangala | esimangalayo, esimangala | simangala | asimangali | esingamangali | singamangali | |||
| 2nd plural | niyamangala, nimangala | enimangalayo, enimangala | nimangala | animangali | eningamangali | ningamangali | |||
| Class 1 | uyamangala, umangala | omangalayo, omangala | emangala | akamangali | ongamangali | engamangali | |||
| Class 2 | bayamangala, bamangala | abamangalayo, abamangala | bemangala | abamangali | abangamangali | bengamangali | |||
| Class 3 | uyamangala, umangala | omangalayo, omangala | umangala | awumangali | ongamangali | ungamangali | |||
| Class 4 | iyamangala, imangala | emangalayo, emangala | imangala | ayimangali | engamangali | ingamangali | |||
| Class 5 | liyamangala, limangala | elimangalayo, elimangala | limangala | alimangali | elingamangali | lingamangali | |||
| Class 6 | ayamangala, amangala | amangalayo, amangala | emangala | awamangali | angamangali | engamangali | |||
| Class 7 | siyamangala, simangala | esimangalayo, esimangala | simangala | asimangali | esingamangali | singamangali | |||
| Class 8 | ziyamangala, zimangala | ezimangalayo, ezimangala | zimangala | azimangali | ezingamangali | zingamangali | |||
| Class 9 | iyamangala, imangala | emangalayo, emangala | imangala | ayimangali | engamangali | ingamangali | |||
| Class 10 | ziyamangala, zimangala | ezimangalayo, ezimangala | zimangala | azimangali | ezingamangali | zingamangali | |||
| Class 11 | luyamangala, lumangala | olumangalayo, olumangala | lumangala | alumangali | olungamangali | lungamangali | |||
| Class 14 | buyamangala, bumangala | obumangalayo, obumangala | bumangala | abumangali | obungamangali | bungamangali | |||
| Class 15 | kuyamangala, kumangala | okumangalayo, okumangala | kumangala | akumangali | okungamangali | kungamangali | |||
| Class 17 | kuyamangala, kumangala | okumangalayo, okumangala | kumangala | akumangali | okungamangali | kungamangali | |||
| Recent past | |||||||||
| Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
| 1st singular | ngimangalile, ngimangalē | engimangalile, engimangalē | ngimangalile, ngimangalē | angimangalanga | engingamangalanga | ngingamangalanga | |||
| 2nd singular | umangalile, umangalē | omangalile, omangalē | umangalile, umangalē | awumangalanga | ongamangalanga | ungamangalanga | |||
| 1st plural | simangalile, simangalē | esimangalile, esimangalē | simangalile, simangalē | asimangalanga | esingamangalanga | singamangalanga | |||
| 2nd plural | nimangalile, nimangalē | enimangalile, enimangalē | nimangalile, nimangalē | animangalanga | eningamangalanga | ningamangalanga | |||
| Class 1 | umangalile, umangalē | omangalile, omangalē | emangalile, emangalē | akamangalanga | ongamangalanga | engamangalanga | |||
| Class 2 | bamangalile, bamangalē | abamangalile, abamangalē | bemangalile, bemangalē | abamangalanga | abangamangalanga | bengamangalanga | |||
| Class 3 | umangalile, umangalē | omangalile, omangalē | umangalile, umangalē | awumangalanga | ongamangalanga | ungamangalanga | |||
| Class 4 | imangalile, imangalē | emangalile, emangalē | imangalile, imangalē | ayimangalanga | engamangalanga | ingamangalanga | |||
| Class 5 | limangalile, limangalē | elimangalile, elimangalē | limangalile, limangalē | alimangalanga | elingamangalanga | lingamangalanga | |||
| Class 6 | amangalile, amangalē | amangalile, amangalē | emangalile, emangalē | awamangalanga | angamangalanga | engamangalanga | |||
| Class 7 | simangalile, simangalē | esimangalile, esimangalē | simangalile, simangalē | asimangalanga | esingamangalanga | singamangalanga | |||
| Class 8 | zimangalile, zimangalē | ezimangalile, ezimangalē | zimangalile, zimangalē | azimangalanga | ezingamangalanga | zingamangalanga | |||
| Class 9 | imangalile, imangalē | emangalile, emangalē | imangalile, imangalē | ayimangalanga | engamangalanga | ingamangalanga | |||
| Class 10 | zimangalile, zimangalē | ezimangalile, ezimangalē | zimangalile, zimangalē | azimangalanga | ezingamangalanga | zingamangalanga | |||
| Class 11 | lumangalile, lumangalē | olumangalile, olumangalē | lumangalile, lumangalē | alumangalanga | olungamangalanga | lungamangalanga | |||
| Class 14 | bumangalile, bumangalē | obumangalile, obumangalē | bumangalile, bumangalē | abumangalanga | obungamangalanga | bungamangalanga | |||
| Class 15 | kumangalile, kumangalē | okumangalile, okumangalē | kumangalile, kumangalē | akumangalanga | okungamangalanga | kungamangalanga | |||
| Class 17 | kumangalile, kumangalē | okumangalile, okumangalē | kumangalile, kumangalē | akumangalanga | okungamangalanga | kungamangalanga | |||
| Remote past | |||||||||
| Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
| 1st singular | ngāmangala | engāmangala | ngāmangala | angimangalanga | engingamangalanga | ngingamangalanga | |||
| 2nd singular | wāmangala | owāmangala | wāmangala | awumangalanga | ongamangalanga | ungamangalanga | |||
| 1st plural | sāmangala | esāmangala | sāmangala | asimangalanga | esingamangalanga | singamangalanga | |||
| 2nd plural | nāmangala | enāmangala | nāmangala | animangalanga | eningamangalanga | ningamangalanga | |||
| Class 1 | wāmangala | owāmangala | āmangala | akamangalanga | ongamangalanga | engamangalanga | |||
| Class 2 | bāmangala | abāmangala | bāmangala | abamangalanga | abangamangalanga | bengamangalanga | |||
| Class 3 | wāmangala | owāmangala | wāmangala | awumangalanga | ongamangalanga | ungamangalanga | |||
| Class 4 | yāmangala | eyāmangala | yāmangala | ayimangalanga | engamangalanga | ingamangalanga | |||
| Class 5 | lāmangala | elāmangala | lāmangala | alimangalanga | elingamangalanga | lingamangalanga | |||
| Class 6 | āmangala | āmangala | āmangala | awamangalanga | angamangalanga | engamangalanga | |||
| Class 7 | sāmangala | esāmangala | sāmangala | asimangalanga | esingamangalanga | singamangalanga | |||
| Class 8 | zāmangala | ezāmangala | zāmangala | azimangalanga | ezingamangalanga | zingamangalanga | |||
| Class 9 | yāmangala | eyāmangala | yāmangala | ayimangalanga | engamangalanga | ingamangalanga | |||
| Class 10 | zāmangala | ezāmangala | zāmangala | azimangalanga | ezingamangalanga | zingamangalanga | |||
| Class 11 | lwāmangala | olwāmangala | lwāmangala | alumangalanga | olungamangalanga | lungamangalanga | |||
| Class 14 | bāmangala | obāmangala | bāmangala | abumangalanga | obungamangalanga | bungamangalanga | |||
| Class 15 | kwāmangala | okwāmangala | kwāmangala | akumangalanga | okungamangalanga | kungamangalanga | |||
| Class 17 | kwāmangala | okwāmangala | kwāmangala | akumangalanga | okungamangalanga | kungamangalanga | |||
| Potential | |||||||||
| Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
| 1st singular | ngingamangala | — | ngingamangala | ngingemangale | — | ngingemangale | |||
| 2nd singular | ungamangala | — | ungamangala | ungemangale | — | ungemangale | |||
| 1st plural | singamangala | — | singamangala | singemangale | — | singemangale | |||
| 2nd plural | ningamangala | — | ningamangala | ningemangale | — | ningemangale | |||
| Class 1 | angamangala | — | engamangala | angemangale | — | engemangale | |||
| Class 2 | bangamangala | — | bengamangala | bangemangale | — | bengemangale | |||
| Class 3 | ungamangala | — | ungamangala | ungemangale | — | ungemangale | |||
| Class 4 | ingamangala | — | ingamangala | ingemangale | — | ingemangale | |||
| Class 5 | lingamangala | — | lingamangala | lingemangale | — | lingemangale | |||
| Class 6 | angamangala | — | engamangala | angemangale | — | engemangale | |||
| Class 7 | singamangala | — | singamangala | singemangale | — | singemangale | |||
| Class 8 | zingamangala | — | zingamangala | zingemangale | — | zingemangale | |||
| Class 9 | ingamangala | — | ingamangala | ingemangale | — | ingemangale | |||
| Class 10 | zingamangala | — | zingamangala | zingemangale | — | zingemangale | |||
| Class 11 | lungamangala | — | lungamangala | lungemangale | — | lungemangale | |||
| Class 14 | bungamangala | — | bungamangala | bungemangale | — | bungemangale | |||
| Class 15 | kungamangala | — | kungamangala | kungemangale | — | kungemangale | |||
| Class 17 | kungamangala | — | kungamangala | kungemangale | — | kungemangale | |||
| Immediate future | |||||||||
| Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
| 1st singular | ngizomangala | engizomangala | ngizomangala | angizumangala | engingezumangala | ngingezumangala | |||
| 2nd singular | uzomangala | ozomangala | uzomangala | awuzumangala | ongezumangala | ungezumangala | |||
| 1st plural | sizomangala | esizomangala | sizomangala | asizumangala | esingezumangala | singezumangala | |||
| 2nd plural | nizomangala | enizomangala | nizomangala | anizumangala | eningezumangala | ningezumangala | |||
| Class 1 | uzomangala | ozomangala | ezomangala | akazumangala | ongezumangala | engezumangala | |||
| Class 2 | bazomangala | abazomangala | bezomangala | abazumangala | abangezumangala | bengezumangala | |||
| Class 3 | uzomangala | ozomangala | uzomangala | awuzumangala | ongezumangala | ungezumangala | |||
| Class 4 | izomangala | ezomangala | izomangala | ayizumangala | engezumangala | ingezumangala | |||
| Class 5 | lizomangala | elizomangala | lizomangala | alizumangala | elingezumangala | lingezumangala | |||
| Class 6 | azomangala | azomangala | ezomangala | awazumangala | angezumangala | engezumangala | |||
| Class 7 | sizomangala | esizomangala | sizomangala | asizumangala | esingezumangala | singezumangala | |||
| Class 8 | zizomangala | ezizomangala | zizomangala | azizumangala | ezingezumangala | zingezumangala | |||
| Class 9 | izomangala | ezomangala | izomangala | ayizumangala | engezumangala | ingezumangala | |||
| Class 10 | zizomangala | ezizomangala | zizomangala | azizumangala | ezingezumangala | zingezumangala | |||
| Class 11 | luzomangala | oluzomangala | luzomangala | aluzumangala | olungezumangala | lungezumangala | |||
| Class 14 | buzomangala | obuzomangala | buzomangala | abuzumangala | obungezumangala | bungezumangala | |||
| Class 15 | kuzomangala | okuzomangala | kuzomangala | akuzumangala | okungezumangala | kungezumangala | |||
| Class 17 | kuzomangala | okuzomangala | kuzomangala | akuzumangala | okungezumangala | kungezumangala | |||
| Remote future | |||||||||
| Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
| 1st singular | ngiyomangala | engiyomangala | ngiyomangala | angiyumangala | engingeyumangala | ngingeyumangala | |||
| 2nd singular | uyomangala | oyomangala | uyomangala | awuyumangala | ongeyumangala | ungeyumangala | |||
| 1st plural | siyomangala | esiyomangala | siyomangala | asiyumangala | esingeyumangala | singeyumangala | |||
| 2nd plural | niyomangala | eniyomangala | niyomangala | aniyumangala | eningeyumangala | ningeyumangala | |||
| Class 1 | uyomangala | oyomangala | eyomangala | akayumangala | ongeyumangala | engeyumangala | |||
| Class 2 | bayomangala | abayomangala | beyomangala | abayumangala | abangeyumangala | bengeyumangala | |||
| Class 3 | uyomangala | oyomangala | uyomangala | awuyumangala | ongeyumangala | ungeyumangala | |||
| Class 4 | iyomangala | eyomangala | iyomangala | ayiyumangala | engeyumangala | ingeyumangala | |||
| Class 5 | liyomangala | eliyomangala | liyomangala | aliyumangala | elingeyumangala | lingeyumangala | |||
| Class 6 | ayomangala | ayomangala | eyomangala | awayumangala | angeyumangala | engeyumangala | |||
| Class 7 | siyomangala | esiyomangala | siyomangala | asiyumangala | esingeyumangala | singeyumangala | |||
| Class 8 | ziyomangala | eziyomangala | ziyomangala | aziyumangala | ezingeyumangala | zingeyumangala | |||
| Class 9 | iyomangala | eyomangala | iyomangala | ayiyumangala | engeyumangala | ingeyumangala | |||
| Class 10 | ziyomangala | eziyomangala | ziyomangala | aziyumangala | ezingeyumangala | zingeyumangala | |||
| Class 11 | luyomangala | oluyomangala | luyomangala | aluyumangala | olungeyumangala | lungeyumangala | |||
| Class 14 | buyomangala | obuyomangala | buyomangala | abuyumangala | obungeyumangala | bungeyumangala | |||
| Class 15 | kuyomangala | okuyomangala | kuyomangala | akuyumangala | okungeyumangala | kungeyumangala | |||
| Class 17 | kuyomangala | okuyomangala | kuyomangala | akuyumangala | okungeyumangala | kungeyumangala | |||
| Present subjunctive | |||||||||
| Positive | Negative | ||||||||
| 1st singular | ngimangale | ngingamangali | |||||||
| 2nd singular | umangale | ungamangali | |||||||
| 1st plural | simangale | singamangali | |||||||
| 2nd plural | nimangale | ningamangali | |||||||
| Class 1 | amangale | angamangali | |||||||
| Class 2 | bamangale | bangamangali | |||||||
| Class 3 | umangale | ungamangali | |||||||
| Class 4 | imangale | ingamangali | |||||||
| Class 5 | limangale | lingamangali | |||||||
| Class 6 | amangale | angamangali | |||||||
| Class 7 | simangale | singamangali | |||||||
| Class 8 | zimangale | zingamangali | |||||||
| Class 9 | imangale | ingamangali | |||||||
| Class 10 | zimangale | zingamangali | |||||||
| Class 11 | lumangale | lungamangali | |||||||
| Class 14 | bumangale | bungamangali | |||||||
| Class 15 | kumangale | kungamangali | |||||||
| Class 17 | kumangale | kungamangali | |||||||
| Past subjunctive | |||||||||
| Positive | Negative | ||||||||
| 1st singular | ngamangala | ngangamangala, angamangala, angangamangala | |||||||
| 2nd singular | wamangala | wangamangala, awamangala, awangamangala | |||||||
| 1st plural | samangala | sangamangala, asamangala, asangamangala | |||||||
| 2nd plural | namangala | nangamangala, anamangala, anangamangala | |||||||
| Class 1 | wamangala | wangamangala, akamangala, akangamangala | |||||||
| Class 2 | bamangala | bangamangala, abamangala, abangamangala | |||||||
| Class 3 | wamangala | wangamangala, awamangala, awangamangala | |||||||
| Class 4 | yamangala | yangamangala, ayamangala, ayangamangala | |||||||
| Class 5 | lamangala | langamangala, alamangala, alangamangala | |||||||
| Class 6 | amangala | angamangala, awamangala, awangamangala | |||||||
| Class 7 | samangala | sangamangala, asamangala, asangamangala | |||||||
| Class 8 | zamangala | zangamangala, azamangala, azangamangala | |||||||
| Class 9 | yamangala | yangamangala, ayamangala, ayangamangala | |||||||
| Class 10 | zamangala | zangamangala, azamangala, azangamangala | |||||||
| Class 11 | lwamangala | lwangamangala, alwamangala, alwangamangala | |||||||
| Class 14 | bamangala | bangamangala, abamangala, abangamangala | |||||||
| Class 15 | kwamangala | kwangamangala, akwamangala, akwangamangala | |||||||
| Class 17 | kwamangala | kwangamangala, akwamangala, akwangamangala | |||||||
References
- C. M. Doke; B. W. Vilakazi (1972), “mangala”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “mangala (3.2.9)”
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