nḏm

See also: NDM and nDm

Egyptian

Etymology

Perhaps from a form such as Proto-Afroasiatic *nx̣m. Cognate with Proto-Semitic *nʿm-.[1]

Pronunciation

Verb:

 
  • (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈnaːcʼam/ → /ˈnaːtʼam/ → /ˈnoːtʼəm/

Adjective:

 
  • (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈnaːcʼim/ → /ˈnaːtʼim/ → /ˈnoːtʼəm/

Verb
nDmm

 3-lit.

  1. (intransitive) to taste sweet
  2. (intransitive) to smell sweet or pleasant
  3. (intransitive, often of air, water, or temperature) to be(come) pleasant or refreshing
    • c. 1450 BCE, The Poetical Stela of Thutmose III: Part I, Cairo Museum 34010:[2]
      M29mY1Vw&y M1m&t Y1
      Z2s      		 V31
      r      		 sS
      n      		 bt
      G11
      nḏmwj jmꜣt.k r šnbt.j
      How pleasant is your grace to my breast!
  4. (intransitive, of people) to be(come) healthy or well
    • c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 21:
      bwnb
      x
      n
      t      		 S
      fnD
      Y1      		 ib
      Z2ss      		 nDmHAt
      ib Z2ss      		 Xr
      r      		 r
      S      		 w&t
      bw-nb ḫntš(.w) jbw nḏm(.w) ḥꜣtjw ẖr ršwt
      Everybody is glad, minds are sweet, hearts are in joy.

Inflection
Conjugation of nḏm (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: nḏm, geminated stem: nḏmm
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
nḏm
 nḏmw, nḏm
 nḏmt
 nḏm
 nḏm
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
nḏm
 ḥr nḏm
 m nḏm
 r nḏm
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active passive contingent
aspect / mood active passive
perfect nḏm.n
 nḏmw, nḏm
 consecutive nḏm.jn
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative nḏmt
perfective3 nḏm
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 obligative1 nḏm.ḫr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective nḏm
 active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3 nḏm
 nḏmm
 potentialis1 nḏm.kꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive nḏm
 active + .tj1, .tw2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active passive active passive
perfect nḏm.n
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 — —
perfective nḏm
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 nḏm
 nḏm, nḏmw5, nḏmy5
imperfective nḏm, nḏmy, nḏmw5
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 nḏm, nḏmj6, nḏmy6
 nḏm, nḏmw5
prospective nḏm, nḏmtj7
 — nḏmtj4, nḏmt4
  1. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
  2. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
  3. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
  4. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
  5. Only in the masculine singular.
  6. Only in the masculine.
  7. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of nḏm  
nDmmY1V
n&D nDmmY1
nDm
nḏm nḏm nḏm

Descendants
  • Coptic:
    • Sahidic Coptic: ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲙ̄ (noutm̄)
    • Bohairic Coptic: ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉⲙ (noutem)

Adjective
nDmm
  1. perfective active participle of nḏm: sweet, pleasant

Inflection
Declension of nḏm (perfective active participle)
masculine feminine
singular nḏm
 nḏmt
dual nḏmwj
 nḏmtj
plural nḏmw
 nḏmwt1, nḏmt2
  1. Archaic in Middle Egyptian when modifying a noun.
  2. From Middle Egyptian, this feminine singular form was generally used for the plural.
    In Late Egyptian, the masculine singular form was used with all nouns.

Alternative forms

See under the verb section above.

References
  1. Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 32
  2. Middle Egyptian Grammar: The Poetical Stela of Thutmose III: Part I, Dr. Gabor Toth, Rutgers University.
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