pakko

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *pakko. Cognate to Estonian pakk (“full”), Ingrian pakko, Karelian pakko, Ludian pakottada, Veps pakutada and Votic pakko.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈpɑkːo/, [ˈpɑkːo̞]
  • Rhymes: -ɑkːo
  • Syllabification(key): pak‧ko

Noun

pakko

  1. obligation, force, necessity, compulsion
  2. (olla ~ + first infinitive) Expresses obligation; can be translated into English as must, have to, be obliged to, be forced to, be compelled to; the one who is compelled is put in the genitive case and the verb is always in the third-person singular.
    Minun on pakko ostaa auto.
    I have to buy a car.
    Onko sinun pakko?
    Do you have to?
  3. (in compounds) Expresses compulsion, use of force or influence of an external force.
    pakkohuutokauppa ― compulsory sale
    pakkokeino ― coercion
    pakkolasku ― forced landing
    pakkolunastus ― expropriation
    pakkoluovutus ― expropriation
    pakkomielle ― obsession
    pakkopaita ― straitjacket
    pakkoruotsi ― mandatory Swedish
    pakkotoimenpide ― act of force
    pakkotyö ― forced labour

Declension
Inflection of pakko (Kotus type 1*A/valo, kk-k gradation)
nominative pakko pakot
genitive pakon pakkojen
partitive pakkoa pakkoja
illative pakkoon pakkoihin
singular plural
nominative pakko pakot
accusative nom. pakko pakot
gen. pakon
genitive pakon pakkojen
partitive pakkoa pakkoja
inessive pakossa pakoissa
elative pakosta pakoista
illative pakkoon pakkoihin
adessive pakolla pakoilla
ablative pakolta pakoilta
allative pakolle pakoille
essive pakkona pakkoina
translative pakoksi pakoiksi
instructive — pakoin
abessive pakotta pakoitta
comitative See the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms of pakko (type valo)
first-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative pakkoni pakkoni
accusative nom. pakkoni pakkoni
gen. pakkoni
genitive pakkoni pakkojeni
partitive pakkoani pakkojani
inessive pakossani pakoissani
elative pakostani pakoistani
illative pakkooni pakkoihini
adessive pakollani pakoillani
ablative pakoltani pakoiltani
allative pakolleni pakoilleni
essive pakkonani pakkoinani
translative pakokseni pakoikseni
instructive — —
abessive pakottani pakoittani
comitative — pakkoineni
second-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative pakkosi pakkosi
accusative nom. pakkosi pakkosi
gen. pakkosi
genitive pakkosi pakkojesi
partitive pakkoasi pakkojasi
inessive pakossasi pakoissasi
elative pakostasi pakoistasi
illative pakkoosi pakkoihisi
adessive pakollasi pakoillasi
ablative pakoltasi pakoiltasi
allative pakollesi pakoillesi
essive pakkonasi pakkoinasi
translative pakoksesi pakoiksesi
instructive — —
abessive pakottasi pakoittasi
comitative — pakkoinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative pakkomme pakkomme
accusative nom. pakkomme pakkomme
gen. pakkomme
genitive pakkomme pakkojemme
partitive pakkoamme pakkojamme
inessive pakossamme pakoissamme
elative pakostamme pakoistamme
illative pakkoomme pakkoihimme
adessive pakollamme pakoillamme
ablative pakoltamme pakoiltamme
allative pakollemme pakoillemme
essive pakkonamme pakkoinamme
translative pakoksemme pakoiksemme
instructive — —
abessive pakottamme pakoittamme
comitative — pakkoinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative pakkonne pakkonne
accusative nom. pakkonne pakkonne
gen. pakkonne
genitive pakkonne pakkojenne
partitive pakkoanne pakkojanne
inessive pakossanne pakoissanne
elative pakostanne pakoistanne
illative pakkoonne pakkoihinne
adessive pakollanne pakoillanne
ablative pakoltanne pakoiltanne
allative pakollenne pakoillenne
essive pakkonanne pakkoinanne
translative pakoksenne pakoiksenne
instructive — —
abessive pakottanne pakoittanne
comitative — pakkoinenne
third-person possessor
singular plural
nominative pakkonsa pakkonsa
accusative nom. pakkonsa pakkonsa
gen. pakkonsa
genitive pakkonsa pakkojensa
partitive pakkoaan
pakkoansa		 pakkojaan
pakkojansa
inessive pakossaan
pakossansa		 pakoissaan
pakoissansa
elative pakostaan
pakostansa		 pakoistaan
pakoistansa
illative pakkoonsa pakkoihinsa
adessive pakollaan
pakollansa		 pakoillaan
pakoillansa
ablative pakoltaan
pakoltansa		 pakoiltaan
pakoiltansa
allative pakolleen
pakollensa		 pakoilleen
pakoillensa
essive pakkonaan
pakkonansa		 pakkoinaan
pakkoinansa
translative pakokseen
pakoksensa		 pakoikseen
pakoiksensa
instructive — —
abessive pakottaan
pakottansa		 pakoittaan
pakoittansa
comitative — pakkoineen
pakkoinensa

Synonyms

Derived terms

Compounds

Anagrams

Ingrian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *pakko. Cognates include dialectal Finnish pakko and Estonian pakk.

Pronunciation
  • (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈpɑkːo/, [ˈpɑkːŏ̞̥]
  • (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈpɑkːo/, [ˈpɑkːo̞]
  • Rhymes: -ɑkːo
  • Hyphenation: pak‧ko

Noun

pakko

  1. log; block of wood
Declension
Declension of pakko (type 4/koivu, kk-k gradation)
singular plural
nominative pakko pakot
genitive pakon pakkoin, pakkoloin
partitive pakkoa pakkoja, pakkoloja
illative pakkoo pakkoi, pakkoloihe
inessive pakos pakkois, pakkolois
elative pakost pakkoist, pakkoloist
allative pakolle pakkoille, pakkoloille
adessive pakol pakkoil, pakkoloil
ablative pakolt pakkoilt, pakkoloilt
translative pakoks pakkoiks, pakkoloiks
essive pakkonna, pakkoon pakkoinna, pakkoloinna, pakkoin, pakkoloin
exessive1) pakkont pakkoint, pakkoloint
1) obsolete
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl)
**) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.
Derived terms

Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *pakko. Cognates include Finnish pakko and Estonian pakk.

Pronunciation
  • (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈpɑkːo/, [ˈpɑkːŏ̞̥]
  • (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈpɑkːo/, [ˈpɑkːo̞]
  • Rhymes: -ɑkːo
  • Hyphenation: pak‧ko

Noun

pakko

  1. (in compounds) Expresses compulsion.

References
  • Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 377

Votic

Pronunciation
  • (Luutsa, Liivtšülä) IPA(key): /ˈpɑkːo/, [ˈpɑkːo]
  • Rhymes: -ɑkːo
  • Hyphenation: pak‧ko

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *pakko.

Noun

pakko

  1. block of wood
Inflection
Declension of pakko (type II/võrkko, kk-k gradation)
singular plural
nominative pakko pakod
genitive pako pakkoje, pakkojõ, pakkoi
partitive pakkoa pakkoitõ, pakkoi
illative pakko, pakkosõ pakkoje, pakkojõ, pakkoisõ
inessive pakoz pakkoiz
elative pakossõ pakkoissõ
allative pakolõ pakkoilõ
adessive pakollõ pakkoillõ
ablative pakoltõ pakkoiltõ
translative pakossi pakkoissi
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl)
**) the terminative is formed by adding the suffix -ssaa to the short illative or the genitive.
***) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka to the genitive.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *pakko.

Adverb

pakko

  1. required, necessary, (one) must, (one) has to

References
  • V. Hallap, E. Adler, S. Grünberg, M. Leppik (2012), “pakko”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2 edition, Tallinn
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