srwḏ

Egyptian

Etymology

s- (causative prefix) +‎ rwḏ (“to be firm”).

Pronunciation

Verb
srwDwD
T12

 caus. 3-lit.

  1. (transitive) to strengthen
    • c. 2112–2063 BCE (reign of Intef II), Funerary stele of Rediu-Khnum from his tomb at Dendera (UE 6) (Cairo CG 20543), line A13–A14:[1][2]
      sr
      w      		 d
      T12
      n      		 gm
      t n      		 w
      z      		 T
      nDs      		 V14
      z
      Tz
      n      		 gm
      t n      		 f
      d
      q      		 V1mH
      Y1
      n      		 gm
      t n      		 i A
      T
      srwd.n(.j) gmt.n(.j) wzṯ(.w) ṯz.n(.j) gmt.n(.j) fdq(.w) mḥ.n(.j) gmt.n(.j) jꜣṯ(.w)
      I made firm what I found dilapidated; I joined together what I found cut apart; I replenished what I found injured.
  2. (transitive) to make endure, to perpetuate (offerings to the gods)

Inflection
Conjugation of srwḏ (causative triliteral / caus. 3-lit. / caus. 3rad.) — base stem: srwḏ
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
srwḏ
 srwḏw, srwḏ
 srwḏt
 srwḏ
 srwḏ
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
srwḏ
 ḥr srwḏ
 m srwḏ
 r srwḏ
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active passive contingent
aspect / mood active passive
perfect srwḏ.n
 srwḏw, srwḏ
 consecutive srwḏ.jn
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative srwḏt
perfective3 srwḏ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 obligative1 srwḏ.ḫr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective srwḏ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3 srwḏw, srwḏ, srwḏy
 srwḏw, srwḏ, srwḏy
 potentialis1 srwḏ.kꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive srwḏ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active passive active passive
perfect srwḏ.n
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 — —
perfective srwḏ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 srwḏ
 srwḏ, srwḏw5, srwḏy5
imperfective srwḏ, srwḏy, srwḏw5
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 srwḏ, srwḏj6, srwḏy6
 srwḏ, srwḏw5
prospective srwḏ, srwḏtj7
 — srwḏwtj1 4, srwḏtj4, srwḏt4
  1. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
  2. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
  3. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
  4. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
  5. Only in the masculine singular.
  6. Only in the masculine.
  7. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of srwḏ  
srwd
T12		 Y1
srwd

References
  1. González León, Daniel (2018) “La estela de Rediukhnum de Dendera y la reorganización administrativa del Estado egipcio a finales del III milenio a.C.” in Revista Del Instituto De Historia Antigua Oriental, volume 19, pages 49–79
  2. Lichtheim, Miriam (1988) Ancient Egyptian Autobiographies Chiefly of the Middle Kingdom: A Study and an Anthology, pages 42–46 and plate I
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