sulgema
Estonian
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *sulkedak, from Proto-Finno-Permic [Term?]. Cognate to Finnish sulkea, Karelian sulkie, Votic sulko (“cold, runny nose”), Erzya сёлгомс (sjolgoms, “to close”) and Moksha сёлгомс (sjolgoms, “to close”).
Conjugation
Inflection of sulgema (ÕS type 28/õppima, g-ø gradation)
| indicative | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present | perfect | ||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative |
| 1st sing. | sulen | ei sule | 1st sing. | olen sulgenud | ei ole sulgenud pole sulgenud |
| 2nd sing. | suled | 2nd sing. | oled sulgenud | ||
| 3rd sing. | suleb | 3rd sing. | on sulgenud | ||
| 1st plur. | suleme | 1st plur. | oleme sulgenud | ||
| 2nd plur. | sulete | 2nd plur. | olete sulgenud | ||
| 3rd plur. | sulevad | 3rd plur. | on sulgenud | ||
| passive | suletakse | ei suleta | passive | on suletud | ei ole suletud pole suletud |
| past | pluperfect | ||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative |
| 1st sing. | sulgesin | ei sulgenud | 1st sing. | olin sulgenud | ei olnud sulgenud polnud sulgenud |
| 2nd sing. | sulgesid | 2nd sing. | olid sulgenud | ||
| 3rd sing. | sulges | 3rd sing. | oli sulgenud | ||
| 1st plur. | sulgesime | 1st plur. | olime sulgenud | ||
| 2nd plur. | sulgesite | 2nd plur. | olite sulgenud | ||
| 3rd plur. | sulgesid | 3rd plur. | oli sulgenud | ||
| passive | suleti | ei suletud | passive | oli suletud | ei olnud suletud polnud suletud |
| conditional | |||||
| present | perfect | ||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative |
| 1st sing. | suleksin | ei suleks | 1st sing. | oleksin sulgenud | ei oleks sulgenud poleks sulgenud |
| 2nd sing. | suleksid | 2nd sing. | oleksid sulgenud | ||
| 3rd sing. | suleks | 3rd sing. | oleks sulgenud | ||
| 1st plur. | suleksime | 1st plur. | oleksime sulgenud | ||
| 2nd plur. | suleksite | 2nd plur. | oleksite sulgenud | ||
| 3rd plur. | suleksid | 3rd plur. | oleksid sulgenud | ||
| passive | suletaks | ei suletaks | passive | oleks suletud | ei oleks suletud poleks suletud |
| imperative | |||||
| present | perfect | ||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative |
| 1st sing. | — | — | 1st sing. | — | — |
| 2nd sing. | sule | ära sule | 2nd sing. | — | — |
| 3rd sing. | sulgegu | ärgu sulgegu | 3rd sing. | olgu sulgenud | ärgu olgu sulgenud |
| 1st plur. | sulgegem | ärgem sulgegem | 1st plur. | — | — |
| 2nd plur. | sulgege | ärge sulgege | 2nd plur. | — | — |
| 3rd plur. | sulgegu | ärgu sulgegu | 3rd plur. | olgu sulgenud | ärgu olgu sulgenud |
| passive | suletagu | ärgu suletagu | passive | olgu suletud | ärgu olgu suletud |
| quotative | |||||
| present | perfect | ||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative |
| active | sulgevat | ei sulgevat | active | olevat sulgenud | ei olevat sulgenud polevat sulgenud |
| passive | suletavat | ei suletavat | passive | olevat suletud | ei olevat suletud polevat suletud |
| Nominal forms | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ma-infinitive | da-infinitive | ||||||||
| active | passive | da-form | sulgeda | ||||||
| nominative | sulgema | suletama | des-form | sulgedes | |||||
| inessive | sulgemas | — | participle | ||||||
| elative | sulgemast | — | active | passive | |||||
| translative | sulgemaks | — | present | sulgev | suletav | ||||
| abessive | sulgemata | — | past | sulgenud | suletud | ||||
Inflection of sulgema (ÕS type 27/elama, no gradation)
| indicative | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present | perfect | ||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative |
| 1st sing. | sulgen | ei sulge | 1st sing. | olen sulgenud | ei ole sulgenud pole sulgenud |
| 2nd sing. | sulged | 2nd sing. | oled sulgenud | ||
| 3rd sing. | sulgeb | 3rd sing. | on sulgenud | ||
| 1st plur. | sulgeme | 1st plur. | oleme sulgenud | ||
| 2nd plur. | sulgete | 2nd plur. | olete sulgenud | ||
| 3rd plur. | sulgevad | 3rd plur. | on sulgenud | ||
| passive | sulgetakse | ei sulgeta | passive | on sulgetud | ei ole sulgetud pole sulgetud |
| past | pluperfect | ||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative |
| 1st sing. | sulgesin | ei sulgenud | 1st sing. | olin sulgenud | ei olnud sulgenud polnud sulgenud |
| 2nd sing. | sulgesid | 2nd sing. | olid sulgenud | ||
| 3rd sing. | sulges | 3rd sing. | oli sulgenud | ||
| 1st plur. | sulgesime | 1st plur. | olime sulgenud | ||
| 2nd plur. | sulgesite | 2nd plur. | olite sulgenud | ||
| 3rd plur. | sulgesid | 3rd plur. | oli sulgenud | ||
| passive | sulgeti | ei sulgetud | passive | oli sulgetud | ei olnud sulgetud polnud sulgetud |
| conditional | |||||
| present | perfect | ||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative |
| 1st sing. | sulgeksin | ei sulgeks | 1st sing. | oleksin sulgenud | ei oleks sulgenud poleks sulgenud |
| 2nd sing. | sulgeksid | 2nd sing. | oleksid sulgenud | ||
| 3rd sing. | sulgeks | 3rd sing. | oleks sulgenud | ||
| 1st plur. | sulgeksime | 1st plur. | oleksime sulgenud | ||
| 2nd plur. | sulgeksite | 2nd plur. | oleksite sulgenud | ||
| 3rd plur. | sulgeksid | 3rd plur. | oleksid sulgenud | ||
| passive | sulgetaks | ei sulgetaks | passive | oleks sulgetud | ei oleks sulgetud poleks sulgetud |
| imperative | |||||
| present | perfect | ||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative |
| 1st sing. | — | — | 1st sing. | — | — |
| 2nd sing. | sulge | ära sulge | 2nd sing. | — | — |
| 3rd sing. | sulgegu | ärgu sulgegu | 3rd sing. | olgu sulgenud | ärgu olgu sulgenud |
| 1st plur. | sulgegem | ärgem sulgegem | 1st plur. | — | — |
| 2nd plur. | sulgege | ärge sulgege | 2nd plur. | — | — |
| 3rd plur. | sulgegu | ärgu sulgegu | 3rd plur. | olgu sulgenud | ärgu olgu sulgenud |
| passive | sulgetagu | ärgu sulgetagu | passive | olgu sulgetud | ärgu olgu sulgetud |
| quotative | |||||
| present | perfect | ||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative |
| active | sulgevat | ei sulgevat | active | olevat sulgenud | ei olevat sulgenud polevat sulgenud |
| passive | sulgetavat | ei sulgetavat | passive | olevat sulgetud | ei olevat sulgetud polevat sulgetud |
| Nominal forms | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ma-infinitive | da-infinitive | ||||||||
| active | passive | da-form | sulgeda | ||||||
| nominative | sulgema | sulgetama | des-form | sulgedes | |||||
| inessive | sulgemas | — | participle | ||||||
| elative | sulgemast | — | active | passive | |||||
| translative | sulgemaks | — | present | sulgev | sulgetav | ||||
| abessive | sulgemata | — | past | sulgenud | sulgetud | ||||
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