surnager
French
Pronunciation
Audio (file)
Conjugation
This is a regular -er verb, but the stem is written surnage- before endings that begin with -a- or -o- (to indicate that the -g- is a "soft" /ʒ/ and not a "hard" /ɡ/). This spelling-change occurs in all verbs in -ger, such as neiger and manger.
Conjugation of surnager (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | surnager | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | surnageant /syʁ.na.ʒɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | surnagé /syʁ.na.ʒe/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | surnage /syʁ.naʒ/ |
surnages /syʁ.naʒ/ |
surnage /syʁ.naʒ/ |
surnageons /syʁ.na.ʒɔ̃/ |
surnagez /syʁ.na.ʒe/ |
surnagent /syʁ.naʒ/ |
| imperfect | surnageais /syʁ.na.ʒɛ/ |
surnageais /syʁ.na.ʒɛ/ |
surnageait /syʁ.na.ʒɛ/ |
surnagions /syʁ.na.ʒjɔ̃/ |
surnagiez /syʁ.na.ʒje/ |
surnageaient /syʁ.na.ʒɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | surnageai /syʁ.na.ʒe/ |
surnageas /syʁ.na.ʒa/ |
surnagea /syʁ.na.ʒa/ |
surnageâmes /syʁ.na.ʒam/ |
surnageâtes /syʁ.na.ʒat/ |
surnagèrent /syʁ.na.ʒɛʁ/ | |
| future | surnagerai /syʁ.naʒ.ʁe/ |
surnageras /syʁ.naʒ.ʁa/ |
surnagera /syʁ.naʒ.ʁa/ |
surnagerons /syʁ.naʒ.ʁɔ̃/ |
surnagerez /syʁ.naʒ.ʁe/ |
surnageront /syʁ.naʒ.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | surnagerais /syʁ.naʒ.ʁɛ/ |
surnagerais /syʁ.naʒ.ʁɛ/ |
surnagerait /syʁ.naʒ.ʁɛ/ |
surnagerions /syʁ.na.ʒə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
surnageriez /syʁ.na.ʒə.ʁje/ |
surnageraient /syʁ.naʒ.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | surnage /syʁ.naʒ/ |
surnages /syʁ.naʒ/ |
surnage /syʁ.naʒ/ |
surnagions /syʁ.na.ʒjɔ̃/ |
surnagiez /syʁ.na.ʒje/ |
surnagent /syʁ.naʒ/ |
| imperfect2 | surnageasse /syʁ.na.ʒas/ |
surnageasses /syʁ.na.ʒas/ |
surnageât /syʁ.na.ʒa/ |
surnageassions /syʁ.na.ʒa.sjɔ̃/ |
surnageassiez /syʁ.na.ʒa.sje/ |
surnageassent /syʁ.na.ʒas/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | surnage /syʁ.naʒ/ |
— | surnageons /syʁ.na.ʒɔ̃/ |
surnagez /syʁ.na.ʒe/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Further reading
- “surnager”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
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