virst
Latvian
Etymology 1
Underlyingly *virt-ti, an iR-vocalization of the zero grade version of Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn; to become”). The original meaning of the verb was "to become" (without any negative connotations.)[1]
Verb
virst (intr., 1st conj., pres. virstu, virsti, virst, past virtu)
- (with iz-) to degenerate, become perverted
Conjugation
conjugation of virst
| INDICATIVE (īstenības izteiksme) | IMPERATIVE (pavēles izteiksme) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present (tagadne) |
Past (pagātne) |
Future (nākotne) | |||
| 1st pers. sg. | es | virstu | virtu | virtīšu | — |
| 2nd pers. sg. | tu | virsti | virti | virtīsi | virsti |
| 3rd pers. sg. | viņš, viņa | virst | virta | virtīs | lai virst |
| 1st pers. pl. | mēs | virstam | virtām | virtīsim | virtīsim |
| 2nd pers. pl. | jūs | virstat | virtāt | virtīsiet, virtīsit |
virstiet |
| 3rd pers. pl. | viņi, viņas | virst | virta | virtīs | lai virst |
| RENARRATIVE (atstāstījuma izteiksme) | PARTICIPLES (divdabji) | ||||
| Present | virstot | Present Active 1 (Adj.) | virstošs | ||
| Past | esot virtis | Present Active 2 (Adv.) | virzdams | ||
| Future | virtīšot | Present Active 3 (Adv.) | virstot | ||
| Imperative | lai virstot | Present Active 4 (Obj.) | virstam | ||
| CONDITIONAL (vēlējuma izteiksme) | Past Active | virtis | |||
| Present | virstu | Present Passive | virstams | ||
| Past | būtu virtis | Past Passive | virsts | ||
| DEBITIVE (vajadzības izteiksme) | NOMINAL FORMS | ||||
| Indicative | (būt) jāvirst | Infinitive (nenoteiksme) | virst | ||
| Conjunctive 1 | esot jāvirst | Negative Infinitive | nevirst | ||
| Conjunctive 2 | jāvirstot | Verbal noun | viršana | ||
Related terms
- izvirtība (“decadence”)
- izvirtulis (“pervert”)
- izvirtis (“perverted”)
- izvirst
Etymology 2
Underlyingly *vird-ti. Same origin as Latvian virt (“to bubble, boil”) (verdu, virdu) Lithuanian virti (“to boil”). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to boil”), with the infinitive from zero grade and present from full grade.[2]
As the modern izvirst has been relegated to outbursts or eruptions (of a volcano, emotions, etc.) it is practically never used in the present tense, consequently most natives will not know how to conjugate it in present, especially because it shows ablaut, present marker -st- will most likely be used.
Conjugation
conjugation of virst
| INDICATIVE (īstenības izteiksme) | IMPERATIVE (pavēles izteiksme) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present (tagadne) |
Past (pagātne) |
Future (nākotne) | |||
| 1st pers. sg. | es | virstu | virdu | virdīšu | — |
| 2nd pers. sg. | tu | virsti | virdi | virdīsi | virsti |
| 3rd pers. sg. | viņš, viņa | virst | virda | virdīs | lai virst |
| 1st pers. pl. | mēs | virstam | virdām | virdīsim | virdīsim |
| 2nd pers. pl. | jūs | virstat | virdāt | virdīsiet, virdīsit |
virstiet |
| 3rd pers. pl. | viņi, viņas | virst | virda | virdīs | lai virst |
| RENARRATIVE (atstāstījuma izteiksme) | PARTICIPLES (divdabji) | ||||
| Present | virstot | Present Active 1 (Adj.) | virstošs | ||
| Past | esot virdis | Present Active 2 (Adv.) | virzdams | ||
| Future | virdīšot | Present Active 3 (Adv.) | virstot | ||
| Imperative | lai virstot | Present Active 4 (Obj.) | virstam | ||
| CONDITIONAL (vēlējuma izteiksme) | Past Active | virdis | |||
| Present | virstu | Present Passive | virstams | ||
| Past | būtu virdis | Past Passive | virsts | ||
| DEBITIVE (vajadzības izteiksme) | NOMINAL FORMS | ||||
| Indicative | (būt) jāvirst | Infinitive (nenoteiksme) | virst | ||
| Conjunctive 1 | esot jāvirst | Negative Infinitive | nevirst | ||
| Conjunctive 2 | jāvirstot | Verbal noun | viršana | ||
conjugation of virst
| INDICATIVE (īstenības izteiksme) | IMPERATIVE (pavēles izteiksme) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present (tagadne) |
Past (pagātne) |
Future (nākotne) | |||
| 1st pers. sg. | es | verdu | virdu | virdīšu | — |
| 2nd pers. sg. | tu | verd | virdi | virdīsi | verd |
| 3rd pers. sg. | viņš, viņa | verd | virda | virdīs | lai verd |
| 1st pers. pl. | mēs | verdam | virdām | virdīsim | virdīsim |
| 2nd pers. pl. | jūs | verdat | virdāt | virdīsiet, virdīsit |
verdiet |
| 3rd pers. pl. | viņi, viņas | verd | virda | virdīs | lai verd |
| RENARRATIVE (atstāstījuma izteiksme) | PARTICIPLES (divdabji) | ||||
| Present | verdot | Present Active 1 (Adj.) | verdošs | ||
| Past | esot virdis | Present Active 2 (Adv.) | virzdams | ||
| Future | virdīšot | Present Active 3 (Adv.) | verdot | ||
| Imperative | lai verdot | Present Active 4 (Obj.) | verdam | ||
| CONDITIONAL (vēlējuma izteiksme) | Past Active | virdis | |||
| Present | virstu | Present Passive | verdams | ||
| Past | būtu virdis | Past Passive | virsts | ||
| DEBITIVE (vajadzības izteiksme) | NOMINAL FORMS | ||||
| Indicative | (būt) jāverd | Infinitive (nenoteiksme) | virst | ||
| Conjunctive 1 | esot jāverd | Negative Infinitive | nevirst | ||
| Conjunctive 2 | jāverdot | Verbal noun | viršana | ||
Related terms
- izvirdums (“eruption”)
- izvirst
- verdošs (“scalding, boiling”)
- viršanas temperatūra (“boiling point”)
References
- Karulis, Konstantīns (1992), “virst, izvirst”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN
- Karulis, Konstantīns (1992), “izvirdums, virt”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN
Yola
Adjective
virst
- Alternative form of vursth
- 1927, “ZONG OF TWI MAARKEET MOANS”, in THE ANCIENT DIALECT OF THE BARONIES OF FORTH AND BARGY, COUNTY WEXFORD, line 11:
- In durk Ich red virst mee left-vooted shoe."
- In the dark I happened first on my left-footed shoe."
-
References
- Kathleen A. Browne (1927) The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland Sixth Series, Vol.17 No.2, Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, page 129
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