сакам
Bulgarian
Etymology
Disputed:
- Mladenov: vṛddhi-derivation from Proto-Slavic *sočiti (“to accuse, to claim”) + -ам (-am). The original meaning with either “to claim” or “to follow, to pursue”.
- Mirčev: Related to dialectal Bulgarian ся́кам (sjákam, “to reckon, to estimate”).
- Mazon, Vaillant: Possibly grammaticalized from the reduced grade *jьskа- > *ska- of the archaic (ablauting) aorist of Bulgarian и́скам (ískam, “to seek”). Note that the contemporary language has generalized the e-grade throughout the whole paradigm.
- Jireček: Borrowed from Gothic 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (sōkjan, “to seek”).
Cognate with Macedonian сака (saka).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈsakəm]
Verb
са́кам • (sákam) impf (dialectal)
Conjugation
Conjugation of са́кам (conjugation 3, imperfective, transitive)
| participles | present active participle | past active aorist participle | past active imperfect participle | past passive participle | verbal noun | adverbial participle | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | indefinite | са́кащ sákašt |
са́кал, сака́л1 sákal, sakál1 |
са́кал sákal |
са́кан sákan |
са́кайки sákajki | |
| definite subject form | са́кащият sákaštijat |
са́калият, сака́лият1 sákalijat, sakálijat1 |
— | са́каният sákanijat | |||
| definite object form | са́кащия sákaštija |
са́калия, сака́лия1 sákalija, sakálija1 |
— | са́кания sákanija | |||
| feminine | indefinite | са́каща sákašta |
са́кала, сака́ла1 sákala, sakála1 |
са́кала sákala |
са́кана sákana | ||
| definite | са́кащата sákaštata |
са́калата, сака́лата1 sákalata, sakálata1 |
— | са́каната sákanata | |||
| neuter | indefinite | са́кащо sákašto |
са́кало, сака́ло1 sákalo, sakálo1 |
са́кало sákalo |
са́кано sákano |
са́кане sákane | |
| definite | са́кащото sákaštoto |
са́калото, сака́лото1 sákaloto, sakáloto1 |
— | са́каното sákanoto |
са́кането sákaneto | ||
| plural | indefinite | са́кащи sákašti |
са́кали, сака́ли1 sákali, sakáli1 |
са́кали sákali |
са́кани sákani |
са́кания, са́канета sákanija, sákaneta | |
| definite | са́кащите sákaštite |
са́калите, сака́лите1 sákalite, sakálite1 |
— | са́каните sákanite |
са́канията, са́канетата sákanijata, sákanetata | ||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present | са́кам sákam |
са́каш sákaš |
са́ка sáka |
са́каме sákame |
са́кате sákate |
са́кат sákat | |
| imperfect | са́ках sákah |
са́каше sákaše |
са́каше sákaše |
са́кахме sákahme |
са́кахте sákahte |
са́каха sákaha | |
| aorist | са́ках, сака́х1 sákah, sakáh1 |
са́ка, сака́1 sáka, saká1 |
са́ка, сака́1 sáka, saká1 |
са́кахме, сака́хме1 sákahme, sakáhme1 |
са́кахте, сака́хте1 sákahte, sakáhte1 |
са́каха, сака́ха1 sákaha, sakáha1 | |
| future | pos. | Use ще followed by the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́ма да followed by the present indicative tense | ||||||
| future in the past | pos. | Use the imperfect indicative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́маше да followed by the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present perfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм and са́кал/сака́л1 m, са́кала/сака́ла1 f, са́кало/сака́ло1 n, or са́кали/сака́ли1 pl | ||||||
| past perfect | Use the imperfect indicative tense of съм and са́кал/сака́л1 m, са́кала/сака́ла1 f, са́кало/сака́ло1 n, or са́кали/сака́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future perfect | Use the future indicative tense of съм and са́кал/сака́л1 m, са́кала/сака́ла1 f, са́кало/сака́ло1 n, or са́кали/сака́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future perfect in the past | Use the future in the past indicative tense of съм and са́кал/сака́л1 m, са́кала/сака́ла1 f, са́кало/сака́ло1 n, or са́кали/сака́ли1 pl | ||||||
| renarrative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present and imperfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and са́кал m, са́кала f, са́кало n, or са́кали pl | ||||||
| aorist | Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and са́кал/сака́л1 m, са́кала/сака́ла1 f, са́кало/сака́ло1 n, or са́кали/сака́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́мало да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present and past perfect | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and са́кал/сака́л1 m, са́кала/сака́ла1 f, са́кало/сака́ло1 n, or са́кали/сака́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past renarrative tense of съм and са́кал/сака́л1 m, са́кала/сака́ла1 f, са́кало/сака́ло1 n, or са́кали/сака́ли1 pl | ||||||
| dubitative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present and imperfect | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and са́кал m, са́кала f, са́кало n, or са́кали pl | ||||||
| aorist | Use the aorist renarrative tense of съм and са́кал/сака́л1 m, са́кала/сака́ла1 f, са́кало/сака́ло1 n, or са́кали/сака́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect dubitative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́мало било́ да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present and past perfect | none | ||||||
| future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past dubitative tense of съм and са́кал/сака́л1 m, са́кала/сака́ла1 f, са́кало/сака́ло1 n, or са́кали/сака́ли1 pl | ||||||
| conclusive | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present and imperfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм and са́кал m, са́кала f, са́кало n, or са́кали pl | ||||||
| aorist | Use the present indicative tense of съм and са́кал/сака́л1 m, са́кала/сака́ла1 f, са́кало/сака́ло1 n, or са́кали/сака́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́мало е да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present and past perfect | Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of съм and са́кал/сака́л1 m, са́кала/сака́ла1 f, са́кало/сака́ло1 n, or са́кали/сака́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past conclusive tense of съм and са́кал/сака́л1 m, са́кала/сака́ла1 f, са́кало/сака́ло1 n, or са́кали/сака́ли1 pl | ||||||
| conditional | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| Use the first aorist indicative tense of бъ́да and са́кал/сака́л1 m, са́кала/сака́ла1 f, са́кало/сака́ло1 n, or са́кали/сака́ли1 pl | |||||||
| imperative | - | ти | - | - | вие | - | |
| са́кай sákaj |
са́кайте sákajte |
||||||
1Dialectally marked.
Derived terms
- засакам pf (zasakam), засаквам impf (zasakvam)
- изсакам pf (izsakam), изсаквам impf (izsakvam)
- посакам pf (posakam), посаквам impf (posakvam)
- пресакам pf (presakam), пресаквам impf (presakvam, “to cease wanting”)
Related terms
- со́ча (sóča, “to point, to indicate”)
References
- сакам in Rečnik na bǎlgarskija ezik (Institut za bǎlgarski ezik)
- Račeva M., Todorov T., editor (2002), “сакам”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 6, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 427
Macedonian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈsakam]
Russian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈsakəm]
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