خندق

Arabic

Etymology

An Iranian borrowing: compare Persian ‎ (kandak), ‎ (kanda), Old Armenian քանդակ (kʿandak) (also from Iranian).

Verb

خَنْدَقَ • (ḵandaqa) Iq, non-past يُخَنْدِقُ‎‎ (yuḵandiqu)

to dig a trench, to make a trench
to dig a moat, to make a moat

Conjugation

Conjugation of

خَنْدَقَ

(form-Iq sound)

active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
verbal noun الْمَصْدَر					خَنْدَقَة‎ ḵandaqa
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل					مُخَنْدِق‎ muḵandiq
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول					مُخَنْدَق‎ muḵandaq
		singular الْمُفْرَد			dual الْمُثَنَّى		plural الْجَمْع
		1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	خَنْدَقْتُ‎ ḵandaqtu	خَنْدَقْتَ‎ ḵandaqta	خَنْدَقَ ḵandaqa	خَنْدَقْتُمَا‎ ḵandaqtumā	خَنْدَقَا‎ ḵandaqā	خَنْدَقْنَا‎ ḵandaqnā	خَنْدَقْتُمْ‎ ḵandaqtum	خَنْدَقُوا‎ ḵandaqū
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	f	خَنْدَقْتُ‎ ḵandaqtu	خَنْدَقْتِ‎ ḵandaqti	خَنْدَقَتْ‎ ḵandaqat	خَنْدَقْتُمَا‎ ḵandaqtumā	خَنْدَقَتَا‎ ḵandaqatā	خَنْدَقْنَا‎ ḵandaqnā	خَنْدَقْتُنَّ‎ ḵandaqtunna	خَنْدَقْنَ‎ ḵandaqna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُخَنْدِقُ‎ ʔuḵandiqu	تُخَنْدِقُ‎ tuḵandiqu	يُخَنْدِقُ‎ yuḵandiqu	تُخَنْدِقَانِ‎ tuḵandiqāni	يُخَنْدِقَانِ‎ yuḵandiqāni	نُخَنْدِقُ‎ nuḵandiqu	تُخَنْدِقُونَ‎ tuḵandiqūna	يُخَنْدِقُونَ‎ yuḵandiqūna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	f	أُخَنْدِقُ‎ ʔuḵandiqu	تُخَنْدِقِينَ‎ tuḵandiqīna	تُخَنْدِقُ‎ tuḵandiqu	تُخَنْدِقَانِ‎ tuḵandiqāni	تُخَنْدِقَانِ‎ tuḵandiqāni	نُخَنْدِقُ‎ nuḵandiqu	تُخَنْدِقْنَ‎ tuḵandiqna	يُخَنْدِقْنَ‎ yuḵandiqna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُخَنْدِقَ‎ ʔuḵandiqa	تُخَنْدِقَ‎ tuḵandiqa	يُخَنْدِقَ‎ yuḵandiqa	تُخَنْدِقَا‎ tuḵandiqā	يُخَنْدِقَا‎ yuḵandiqā	نُخَنْدِقَ‎ nuḵandiqa	تُخَنْدِقُوا‎ tuḵandiqū	يُخَنْدِقُوا‎ yuḵandiqū
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	f	أُخَنْدِقَ‎ ʔuḵandiqa	تُخَنْدِقِي‎ tuḵandiqī	تُخَنْدِقَ‎ tuḵandiqa	تُخَنْدِقَا‎ tuḵandiqā	تُخَنْدِقَا‎ tuḵandiqā	نُخَنْدِقَ‎ nuḵandiqa	تُخَنْدِقْنَ‎ tuḵandiqna	يُخَنْدِقْنَ‎ yuḵandiqna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُخَنْدِقْ‎ ʔuḵandiq	تُخَنْدِقْ‎ tuḵandiq	يُخَنْدِقْ‎ yuḵandiq	تُخَنْدِقَا‎ tuḵandiqā	يُخَنْدِقَا‎ yuḵandiqā	نُخَنْدِقْ‎ nuḵandiq	تُخَنْدِقُوا‎ tuḵandiqū	يُخَنْدِقُوا‎ yuḵandiqū
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	f	أُخَنْدِقْ‎ ʔuḵandiq	تُخَنْدِقِي‎ tuḵandiqī	تُخَنْدِقْ‎ tuḵandiq	تُخَنْدِقَا‎ tuḵandiqā	تُخَنْدِقَا‎ tuḵandiqā	نُخَنْدِقْ‎ nuḵandiq	تُخَنْدِقْنَ‎ tuḵandiqna	يُخَنْدِقْنَ‎ yuḵandiqna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		خَنْدِقْ ḵandiq		خَنْدِقَا‎ ḵandiqā			خَنْدِقُوا‎ ḵandiqū
imperative الْأَمْر	f		خَنْدِقِي‎ ḵandiqī		خَنْدِقَا‎ ḵandiqā			خَنْدِقْنَ‎ ḵandiqna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد			dual الْمُثَنَّى		plural الْجَمْع
		1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	خُنْدِقْتُ‎ ḵundiqtu	خُنْدِقْتَ‎ ḵundiqta	خُنْدِقَ ḵundiqa	خُنْدِقْتُمَا‎ ḵundiqtumā	خُنْدِقَا‎ ḵundiqā	خُنْدِقْنَا‎ ḵundiqnā	خُنْدِقْتُمْ‎ ḵundiqtum	خُنْدِقُوا‎ ḵundiqū
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	f	خُنْدِقْتُ‎ ḵundiqtu	خُنْدِقْتِ‎ ḵundiqti	خُنْدِقَتْ‎ ḵundiqat	خُنْدِقْتُمَا‎ ḵundiqtumā	خُنْدِقَتَا‎ ḵundiqatā	خُنْدِقْنَا‎ ḵundiqnā	خُنْدِقْتُنَّ‎ ḵundiqtunna	خُنْدِقْنَ‎ ḵundiqna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُخَنْدَقُ‎ ʔuḵandaqu	تُخَنْدَقُ‎ tuḵandaqu	يُخَنْدَقُ‎ yuḵandaqu	تُخَنْدَقَانِ‎ tuḵandaqāni	يُخَنْدَقَانِ‎ yuḵandaqāni	نُخَنْدَقُ‎ nuḵandaqu	تُخَنْدَقُونَ‎ tuḵandaqūna	يُخَنْدَقُونَ‎ yuḵandaqūna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	f	أُخَنْدَقُ‎ ʔuḵandaqu	تُخَنْدَقِينَ‎ tuḵandaqīna	تُخَنْدَقُ‎ tuḵandaqu	تُخَنْدَقَانِ‎ tuḵandaqāni	تُخَنْدَقَانِ‎ tuḵandaqāni	نُخَنْدَقُ‎ nuḵandaqu	تُخَنْدَقْنَ‎ tuḵandaqna	يُخَنْدَقْنَ‎ yuḵandaqna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُخَنْدَقَ‎ ʔuḵandaqa	تُخَنْدَقَ‎ tuḵandaqa	يُخَنْدَقَ‎ yuḵandaqa	تُخَنْدَقَا‎ tuḵandaqā	يُخَنْدَقَا‎ yuḵandaqā	نُخَنْدَقَ‎ nuḵandaqa	تُخَنْدَقُوا‎ tuḵandaqū	يُخَنْدَقُوا‎ yuḵandaqū
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	f	أُخَنْدَقَ‎ ʔuḵandaqa	تُخَنْدَقِي‎ tuḵandaqī	تُخَنْدَقَ‎ tuḵandaqa	تُخَنْدَقَا‎ tuḵandaqā	تُخَنْدَقَا‎ tuḵandaqā	نُخَنْدَقَ‎ nuḵandaqa	تُخَنْدَقْنَ‎ tuḵandaqna	يُخَنْدَقْنَ‎ yuḵandaqna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُخَنْدَقْ‎ ʔuḵandaq	تُخَنْدَقْ‎ tuḵandaq	يُخَنْدَقْ‎ yuḵandaq	تُخَنْدَقَا‎ tuḵandaqā	يُخَنْدَقَا‎ yuḵandaqā	نُخَنْدَقْ‎ nuḵandaq	تُخَنْدَقُوا‎ tuḵandaqū	يُخَنْدَقُوا‎ yuḵandaqū
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	f	أُخَنْدَقْ‎ ʔuḵandaq	تُخَنْدَقِي‎ tuḵandaqī	تُخَنْدَقْ‎ tuḵandaq	تُخَنْدَقَا‎ tuḵandaqā	تُخَنْدَقَا‎ tuḵandaqā	نُخَنْدَقْ‎ nuḵandaq	تُخَنْدَقْنَ‎ tuḵandaqna	يُخَنْدَقْنَ‎ yuḵandaqna

Noun

خَنْدَق • (ḵandaq) m (plural خَنَادِق‎ (ḵanādiq))

trench
moat

Declension

Declension of noun خَنْدَق (ḵandaq)

Singular	basic singular triptote
Singular	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَنْدَق ḵandaq	الْخَنْدَق‎ al-ḵandaq	خَنْدَق ḵandaq
Nominative	خَنْدَقٌ ḵandaqun	الْخَنْدَقُ‎ al-ḵandaqu	خَنْدَقُ ḵandaqu
Accusative	خَنْدَقًا‎ ḵandaqan	الْخَنْدَقَ‎ al-ḵandaqa	خَنْدَقَ ḵandaqa
Genitive	خَنْدَقٍ ḵandaqin	الْخَنْدَقِ‎ al-ḵandaqi	خَنْدَقِ ḵandaqi
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَنْدَقَيْن‎ ḵandaqayn	الْخَنْدَقَيْن‎ al-ḵandaqayn	خَنْدَقَيْ‎ ḵandaqay
Nominative	خَنْدَقَانِ‎ ḵandaqāni	الْخَنْدَقَانِ‎ al-ḵandaqāni	خَنْدَقَا‎ ḵandaqā
Accusative	خَنْدَقَيْنِ‎ ḵandaqayni	الْخَنْدَقَيْنِ‎ al-ḵandaqayni	خَنْدَقَيْ‎ ḵandaqay
Genitive	خَنْدَقَيْنِ‎ ḵandaqayni	الْخَنْدَقَيْنِ‎ al-ḵandaqayni	خَنْدَقَيْ‎ ḵandaqay
Plural	basic broken plural diptote
Plural	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَنَادِق‎ ḵanādiq	الْخَنَادِق‎ al-ḵanādiq	خَنَادِق‎ ḵanādiq
Nominative	خَنَادِقُ‎ ḵanādiqu	الْخَنَادِقُ‎ al-ḵanādiqu	خَنَادِقُ‎ ḵanādiqu
Accusative	خَنَادِقَ‎ ḵanādiqa	الْخَنَادِقَ‎ al-ḵanādiqa	خَنَادِقَ‎ ḵanādiqa
Genitive	خَنَادِقَ‎ ḵanādiqa	الْخَنَادِقِ‎ al-ḵanādiqi	خَنَادِقِ‎ ḵanādiqi

Descendants

→ Old Armenian: խանդակ (xandak)
- Middle Armenian: խանդակ (xandak)
  - → Armenian: խանդակ (xandak)
→ Middle Armenian: խանտակ (xantak)
→ Byzantine Greek: Χάνδαξ (Khándax), Χάνδακας (Khándakas)
- → Latin: Candia
  - → English: Candy
- ⇒ Byzantine Greek: χανδάκιον (khandákion), χαντάκιον (khantákion)
  - Greek: χαντάκι (chantáki), χανδάκι (chandáki)
→ Northern Kurdish: xendek, xendeq
→ Persian: خندق‎ (xandaq), کنده‎ (kanda), کندک‎ (kandak), خندک‎ (xandak)
- → Azerbaijani: xəndək
- → Hindustani:
  Hindi: खन्दक (khandak)
  Urdu: خندق‎ (xandaq)
  Marathi: खंदक (khandak)
  Kannada: ಕಂದಕ (kandaka)
  Konkani: खंदक (khandak)
  Oriya: ଖନ୍ଦକ (khôndôkô)
  Punjabi: ਖੱਡਾ (khaḍḍā)
  Telugu: కందకము (kandakamu)
- → Ottoman Turkish: خندق‎ (hendek)
  - Turkish: hendek
  - → Albanian: hendek
  - → Aromanian: hãndac, hãnacup, hãndachi, hindechi, endec, endecu
  - → Middle Armenian: խէնտէկ (xēntēk), խէնդէկ (xēndēk)
  - → Serbo-Croatian: јѐндек / jendek
→ Swahili: handaki
→ Tajik: хандақ (xandaq)
- → Uzbek: xandaq

Ottoman Turkish

خندق

Etymology

Borrowed from Persian ‎ (xandaq), itself from Arabic خَنْدَق‎ (ḵandaq, “trench, moat”).

Noun

خندق • (hendek) (plural خنادق‎ (henadik))

(military) trench, a narrow excavation as used in warfare
moat, a deep and defensive ditch normally filled with water
(in general) ditch, trench, gutter, any long, shallow indentation

Derived terms

برج خندغی‎ (burc hendeği, “fosse, moat”)
صو خندغی‎ (su hendeği, “moat”)
قورو خندغی‎ (kuru hendeği, “dried ditch”)

Descendants

Turkish: hendek
→ Albanian: hendek
→ Aromanian: hãndac, hãnacup, hãndachi, hindechi, endec, endecu
→ Middle Armenian: խէնտէկ (xēntēk), խէնդէկ (xēndēk)
→ Serbo-Croatian: јѐндек / jendek

Persian

Alternative forms

کنده‎ (kanda), کندک‎ (kandak), خندک‎ (xandak)

Etymology

From Arabic خَنْدَق‎ (ḵandaq), from Middle Persian *handag (whence Persian ‎ (handak, “moat”)).

Pronunciation

(Classical Persian): IPA^(key): /xandaq/

(Dari): IPA^(key): /xandaq/

(Iranian Persian): IPA^(key): /xændæɢ/
(Tajik): IPA^(key): /xandaq/

Noun

خندق • (xandaq) (plural خندق‌ها‎ (xandaq-hâ))

moat

Descendants

→ Azerbaijani: xəndək
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: खन्दक (khandak)

Urdu: خندق‎ (xandaq)

Marathi: खंदक (khandak)

Kannada: ಕಂದಕ (kandaka)

Konkani: खंदक (khandak)

Oriya: ଖନ୍ଦକ (khôndôkô)

Punjabi: ਖੱਡਾ (khaḍḍā)

Telugu: కందకము (kandakamu)
→ Ottoman Turkish: خندق‎ (hendek)
- Turkish: hendek
- → Albanian: hendek
- → Aromanian: hãndac, hãnacup, hãndachi, hindechi, endec, endecu
- → Middle Armenian: խէնտէկ (xēntēk), խէնդէկ (xēndēk)
- → Serbo-Croatian: јѐндек / jendek

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خندق

Arabic

Etymology

Verb

Conjugation

Noun

Declension

Descendants

Further reading

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology

Noun

Derived terms

Descendants

Further reading

Persian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Descendants