უ-

From Proto-Kartvelian *u- (“derivational affix of participles”). Compare Georgian უ- (u-), Mingrelian უ- (u-) and Svan უ- (u-).

უ- • (u-) (Latin spelling u-)

1. (added to participles) un-

   უტახერი ქჶა დუვარი ვაჯიდვენ

   uťaxeri kfa duvari vacidven

   Unbroken stones are not put on the wall

2. (added to verbal nouns) without

   მაქვალი უტახუ ოცხონეშა ქჲოტკოჩუ

   makvali uťaxu oʒxoneşa kyoťǩoçu

   She threw the egg on the roof without breaking it

• უ- -ელი (u- -eli)

Inherited from Proto-Kartvelian *u-. Cognate with Georgian უ- (u-), Mingrelian უ- (u-), Svan ო- (o-).

• ი- (i-) – if the beneficiary (or the victim) of action is 1st or 2nd person

უ- • (u-) (Latin spelling u-)

1. action taken for the benefit of determined other person(s), action taken for the damage of determined other person(s), action taken instead of determined other person, action taken for a object belonging to determined other person

   ‎უ- (u-) + ‎ბონ- (bon-, “to wash”) → ‎უბონამს (ubonams, “he washes another person”)

2. experiential mood marker

   ‎უ- (u-) + ‎ჭკომ- (ç̌ǩom-, “to eat”) → ‎უჭკომუნ (uç̌ǩomun, “it happened to him to eat”)

3. Function unknown・can not be replaced

   ‎უ- (u-) + ‎ჩქინ- (çkin-, “to know”) → ‎უჩქინ (uçkin, “he knows”)

4. Function unknown・can be replaced

   ‎უ- (u-) + ‎ლ- (l-, “to go”) → ‎ულუნ (ulun, “he goes”)