ὄρθρος

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰ-ro-, from *h₃erdʰ- (“to rise”). Cognate with ὀρθός (orthós), Latin ortus (“star's rise”), oriens (“sunrise”).[1]

Pronunciation
 

Noun

ὄρθρος • (órthros) m (genitive ὄρθρου); second declension

  1. The time immediately before or around sunrise, early morning, dawn
  2. (ὄρθρος βαθύς (órthros bathús)) dim morning twilight
    • 400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Crito 43a:
      Σωκράτης   τί τηνικάδε ἀφῖξαι, ὦ Κρίτων; ἢ οὐ πρῲ ἔτι ἐστίν;
      Κρίτων   πάνυ μὲν οὖν.
      Σωκράτης   πηνίκα μάλιστα;
      Κρίτων   ὄρθρος βαθύς.
      Sōkrátēs   tí tēnikáde aphîxai, ô Krítōn? ḕ ou prṑi éti estín?
      Krítōn   pánu mèn oûn.
      Sōkrátēs   pēníka málista?
      Krítōn   órthros bathús.
      Socrates: Why have you come at this time, Crito? Or isn't it still early?
      Crito: Yes, very much so.
      Socrates: About what time?
      Crito: Just before dawn.

Inflection
Second declension of ὁ ὄρθρος; τοῦ ὄρθρου (Attic)
Case / # Singular Dual Plural
Nominative ὁ ὄρθρος
ho órthros		 τὼ ὄρθρω
tṑ órthrō		 οἱ ὄρθροι
hoi órthroi
Genitive τοῦ ὄρθρου
toû órthrou		 τοῖν ὄρθροιν
toîn órthroin		 τῶν ὄρθρων
tôn órthrōn
Dative τῷ ὄρθρῳ
tôi órthrōi		 τοῖν ὄρθροιν
toîn órthroin		 τοῖς ὄρθροις
toîs órthrois
Accusative τὸν ὄρθρον
tòn órthron		 τὼ ὄρθρω
tṑ órthrō		 τοὺς ὄρθρους
toùs órthrous
Vocative ὄρθρε
órthre		 ὄρθρω
órthrō		 ὄρθροι
órthroi
Notes:
  • This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

References
  1. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “1101-1102”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page ὄρθρος
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