からす

Japanese

Etymology 1
Alternative spellings
烏
鴉
からす (karasu): a crow, a raven.

Compound of から (kara, “caw”, onomatopoeia, imitative of a crow's caw) +‎ す (su, “bird”, ancient suffix appearing in certain bird names, possibly cognate with Korean 새 (sae, “bird”)).[1] Compare the す (su) in 鶯 (uguisu), 杜鵑 (hototogisu), モズ (mozu).

Pronunciation

Noun

からす or カラス • (karasu) 

  1. a crow or raven
    Synonym: 慈鳥 (jichō)
Usage notes

Commonly spelled 烏 in kanji. When this spelling is used on its own (as opposed to in compounds), karasu is the most common reading.

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as カラス.

Derived terms
Derived terms

Etymology 2
Alternative spellings
涸らす
枯らす
嗄らす

Verb

からす • (karasu) transitive godan (stem からし (karashi), past からした (karashita))

Japanese verb pair
active からす
mediopassive かれる
  1. 涸らす: to drain
  2. 涸らす: (figuratively) to exhaust (money etc.)
  3. 枯らす:to wither (a plant); to kill (a plant)
    丹(たん)精(せい)した植(うえ)木(き)を枯(か)らす
    tansei shita ueki o karasu
    to kill a carefully cultivated plant
  4. 枯らす: to let dry
  5. 枯らす, 嗄らす: to yell oneself hoarse
Conjugation
Conjugation of "からす" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") からさ karasa
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") からし karashi
Shūshikei ("terminal") からす karasu
Rentaikei ("attributive") からす karasu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") からせ karase
Meireikei ("imperative") からせ karase
Key constructions
Passive からされる karasareru
Causative からさせる
からさす		 karasaseru
karasasu
Potential からせる karaseru
Volitional からそう karasō
Negative からさない karasanai
Negative continuative からさず karasazu
Formal からします karashimasu
Perfective からした karashita
Conjunctive からして karashite
Hypothetical conditional からせば karaseba
Classical conjugation of "からす" (サ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) からさkarasa
Continuative (連用形) からしkarasi
Terminal (終止形) からすkarasu
Attributive (連体形) からすkarasu
Realis (已然形) からせkarase
Imperative (命令形) からせkarase
Key constructions
Negative からさずkarasazu
Contrasting conjunction からせどkarasedo
Causal conjunction からせばkaraseba
Conditional conjunction からさばkarasaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) からしきkarasiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) からしけりkarasikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) からしつkarasitu
Perfect tense (natural event) からしぬkarasinu
Perfect-continuative tense からせり
からしたり		karaseri
karasitari
Volitional からさむkarasamu

References
  1. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
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