けれども

Japanese

Alternative forms

Etymology

Originally a compound of けれ (kere, not found in isolation; meaning roughly “be that as it may”) +‎ ども (domo, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition).[1][2]

Etymology details
  • The former kere part has multiple possible derivations:
    1. The 已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”) suffix for classical -ku adjectives (modern -i adjectives)[1][2]
    2. The 已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”) suffix for classical negative supposition auxiliary verb まじ (maji)[1]
    3. The 已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”) of classical past recollective auxiliary verb けり (keri)[1]
Auxiliary verb maji conjugates almost identically to a classical -ku adjective, so 1 and 2 above can be broadly viewed together. This theory is somewhat flawed, in that the regular realis form of classical -ku adjectives would be not -kere, but rather -kare (as the fusion of adverbial ending -ku + the realis form are of classical copular or “to be” verb あり (ari), modern ある (aru)). There are historical examples of -ku + are fusing into -kere, but these appear to be restricted to early modern Japanese in the Kyoto area, while keredomo appears in the late middle Japanese period and was not restricted to Kyoto.[1]
The realis form of past recollective auxiliary verb keri was likewise formed by fusion, combining ki with the realis form are of existence verb あり (ari, “to be”). There are other documented examples of the diphthong ia changing into e, so the shift from ki + are to kere would not be unexpected. Some theories point towards the ki element being the past recollective auxiliary verb ki, but this had no known continuative form (for joining to following verbs). Other theories suggest that this was the continuative stem form ki of Old Japanese verb 来 (ku, “to come”), which would fit grammatically, with the compound presumably meaning “having come to be, having come into being”. Compare English be that as it may.
  • The latter domo part was itself originally a compound of ど (do, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition) + も (mo, “even, also”, particle).[1][2] The do conjunctive particle grammatically requires that the preceding conjugation be in the realis form, and this is indeed the form used for the preceding kere portion of keredomo.

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) け​れども [kéꜜrèdòmò] (Atamadaka – [1])[2] (conjunction)
  • IPA(key): [ke̞ɾe̞do̞mo̞]

Particle

けれども • (keredomo)  (formal)

  1. (as a conjunctive particle)
    1. although; though; but
      Synonym: が (ga)
      疲(つか)れていたけれども、相(あい)手(て)をしてやった。
      Tsukarete ita keredomo, aite o shite yatta.
      Tired though I was, I kept him company.
    2. Used to introduce a new topic into the discussion.
      Synonym: が (ga)
      経(けい)験(けん)から言(い)うんだけれども、時(じ)間(かん)には厳(きび)しいほうがいい。
      Keiken kara iu n da keredomo, jikan ni wa kibishii hō ga ii.
      Speaking from experience, it's better to be strict about time.
    3. Used to simply connect two things together.
      野(や)球(きゅう)番(ばん)組(ぐみ)も好(す)きだけれども、音(おん)楽(がく)番(ばん)組(ぐみ)も好(す)きだ。
      Yakyū bangumi mo sukida keredomo, ongaku bangumi mo sukida.
      I like baseball programs, and I also like music programs.
  2. (as a sentence ending particle)
    1. Used to soften the tone and be tactful.
      あすなら行(い)けるんですけれども。
      Asu nara ikeru n desu keredomo.
      If it's tomorrow, perhaps I can go.
    2. Expressing a hope or wish while feeling uncertain or resigned about it.
      このままお天(てん)気(き)が続(つづ)くといいんですけれども。
      Kono mama o-tenki ga tsuzuku to ii n desu keredomo.
      How I hope the weather will continue like this.

Conjunction

けれども • (keredomo)  (formal)

  1. however; be that as it may; but
    Synonyms: だけれども (da keredomo), だが (da ga), しかし (shikashi)
    彼(かれ)は頑(がん)固(こ)だ。けれども、話(はなし)はわかる人(にん)間(げん)だ。
    Kare wa ganko da. Keredomo, hanashi wa wakaru ningen da.
    He is stubborn, but he knows what's being said.

See also

References
  1. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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