つとめて

Japanese

Etymology 1
Alternative spellings
努めて
勉めて (uncommon)
力めて (uncommon)

Extension of regular verb form 務めて (tsutomete), from 務める (tsutomeru, “to make an effort, to work at something”).[1][2][3][4]

First cited to a version of the Lotus Sutra dated to the mid-1200s.[1]

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) つと​めて [tsùtóꜜmètè] (Nakadaka – [2])[3][4]
  • IPA(key): [t͡sɨᵝto̞me̞te̞]

Adverb

つとめて • (tsutomete) 

  1. [from mid-1200s] as much as possible; as far as possible; to the best of one's ability; diligently
    努(つと)めて英(えい)語(ご)で話(はな)す
    tsutomete Eigo de hanasu
    to speak in English as much as possible

Etymology 2

Compound of 夙 (tsuto, “early morning”) +‎ めて (mete, uncertain).[5][3]

First cited to The Tales of Ise of the early 900s.[5][6]

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [t͡sɨᵝto̞me̞te̞]
  • Pitch accent uncertain.

Noun

つとめて • (tsutomete) 

  1. [from early 900s] (archaic) early morning
  2. (archaic) next morning

References
  1. “勤て・勉て・努て”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
  2. “努めて”, in デジタル大辞泉 (Dejitaru Daijisen)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
  3. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. “つとめて”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
  6. “つとめて”, in デジタル大辞泉 (Dejitaru Daijisen)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
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